Distress and Quality of Life of Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Distress and Quality of Life of Type 2 Diabetic Patients The present study measured the Distress and Quality of life of type II diabetic patients-of the two groups, group 1 and Group 2. It also assessed the correlation between Distress and Quality of life and their subdivisions such as, the correlation between Distress, emotional distress, physician distress, regimen distress, interpersonal distress; Quality of life, energy and mobility, diabetes control, anxiety and worry, sexual functioning and social burdens using Pearson’s correlation. This study also measured the difference in Distress and Quality of Life between group 1 and group 2. The first objective of the present study was to measure the Distress and Quality of life in type II Diabetic patients. This was done by using two scales, Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS17) and Diabetes 39 (D39). The frequencies and normal distribution of Distress among group 1 and group 2 shown in Figure 1 portray that there is high Distress among the participants in group 1 than in group 2; where high score indicate high Distress. Similar findings were found in a study done by Fisher, Skaff, Mullan, Arean, Glasgow Masharani (2008), an increase in distress upto 60% was present over a period of time. In Figure 2, the frequencies and normal distribution of Quality of life of group 1 and group 2 were shown which portrays that group 2 has higher Quality of Life than group 1, where low score represents high Quality of life. The second objective was to find if there exists a correlation between Distress and Quality of Life. Research review shows that there was a significant relationship between Distress Quality of life (Wu, Huang, Liang, Wang, Lee Tung, 2011). Owing to the scoring pattern, the present study showed similar results with a positive correlation between the scores of Distress and Quality of life i.e., higher score of Distress and high score of Quality of Life. However, it is to be interpreted as a negative relationship between distress and quality of life as is implied by their scoring pattern, where higher scores in distress represents higher distress whereas higher scores in quality of life represents lower Quality of life. Thus, it may be interpreted that higher the Distress, lower the Quality of Life and there was a relation established between higher Distress and Lower Quality of life. The third objective of the study was to find the difference between group 1 and group 2 of Distress and Quality of life, to find the difference between participants practicing faith based yoga as a complimentary intervention aside from the allopathy medications and participants just using the medication. There were many previous studies showing, certain management techniques have a great impact on controlling the blood sugar levels (Singh, Tandon Sharma, 2005). It was found that the Distress among group 1 was high compared to group 2. Same trend was demonstrated in all the dimensions of Distress such as emotional distress, physician distress, regimen distress and interpersonal distress. similar finding were reported by Sharma, Sen, Singh, Bharadwaj, Kochupillai Singh (2003), where type II Diabetic patients practicing sudarshana kriya were found to be experiencing low level of stress. Though both the groups differed significantly in all the dimensions of distress, the difference bet ween the groups was higher in the emotional distress dimension. As indicated by the earlier studies such as those by Snoek Polonsky (2000); Rock (2003); Pouwer (2009) that individuals diagnosed with Diabetes have emotional disturbances due to various reasons such as medication, frequent visits to hospital, comorbid conditions of Diabetes etc. Going by the dimensions of Distress, high Distress was found to be in the dimensions of Emotional Distress, followed by regimen distress, physician distress and interpersonal distress in group 1. As there was a correlation seen between Distress and Quality of life, the same was reflected in the results where group 2 had better Quality of life than group 1, where high score represents low Quality of life. Going by the dimensions, group 2 had higher Quality of life in the dimensions of energy and mobility, social burdens, diabetes control, sexual functioning and anxiety and worry. This is in accordance to the previous finding which state that there was an improvement in the Quality of life in people diagnosed with type II Diabetes who were practicing yogic breathing techniques, sudarshana kriya and pranayama (Jyothsna, Joshi, Ambedkar, Kumar, Dhawan Sreenivas, 2012). The complimentary management technique use not only gives the patients physical relaxation but it also gives them the psychological relaxation. Hence, they might act upon the lowering of Distress and higher Quality of Life of the patient. This complimentary technique gives physical, psychological as well as social outcomes. Physical outcomes are described by medical literature in multiple ways. Psychological outcomes are seen in terms of relaxation and as seen in the outcomes of lowered distress and enhanced quality of life. Togetherness with people with similar diagnosis doing an effort to manage the disease condition might contribute to the social angle. Thus, the complimentary management technique used by the group in the present study seems to have contributed effectively as indicated by low Distress and better Quality of life and their dimensions. The importance of Art of living in decreasing the Distress and enhancing the Quality of Life has been understood. Many studies have also kept forward their view on the benefits a person could achieve following Faith based yoga. As mentioned earlier by many of the physicians across the globe, Faith based yoga can be an effective intervention complimenting the allopathy medicine. Therefore, this study can contribute to the existing studies supporting this view where people can decrease their Distress and enhance their Quality of life and their dimensions to effectively control Diabetes. Shortcomings and future directions The major shortcoming of this study is the sample size, larger sample would have provided better representation of the characteristics of the population. Another major shortcoming of this study was administering the scales in group (in the Art of living centres), this could have prompted the participants to give socially desirable responses. Future recommendations of this study would be to compare the participants practicing Art of living above 10 years and below 10 years, this would give more insight on the long term effects of practicing Art of Living. Future research may also be conducted comparing the impact of various forms of Faith based yoga such as Brahma kumaries, Christian Yoga, Vipasana etc. on type II Diabetic patients. Study would have yielded clearer results if there was a pre and post interventional design. That is measurement of Distress and Quality of Life on participants before they practiced Faith based yoga and after practicing the same for a considerable period o f time such as one year or more. This would have yielded a clear effect of faith based yoga. Further research may be conducted in this direction.

Marketing the $100 Laptop

The idea of â€Å"One Laptop Per Child† that was thought up by Negroponte was designed to offer essentially a $100 Laptop to needy children around the world to promote the use of technology in the classroom and home as an educational tool. Negroponte believed that children around the world who privileged enough to own or even access a computer were at a severe disadvantage when it came to education. The first challenge that the OLPC faced was how to design and mass-produce the $100 laptop. The issues that the design team faced was rooted in the conditions faced in the countries that the laptop would be used, not only environmental conditions but also resource availability such as electricity and Internet coverage. Another challenge that the OLPC faced was how to convince the governments that this was the â€Å"best investment† to not only improve the education in their country but also assist in their fight against poverty. With regards to the design issues and ability to make the idea a reality I think they have done a great job. They have met all the design needs of the involved countries and sourced a producer that matches the demands while offering effective pricing. In my opinion I think they have done a fair job in showing the true benefits that these laptops can provide to communities that are not privileged enough to have computers and internet in every household. The strategic placements in come communities to get the attention of the governments was a great idea like in Uruguay but I believe they should have donated more to create a bigger hype and better opinion of in the news. The difficulties with marketing the OLPC to governments were based on government’s agenda matched by their budgets. What I mean by this is that if a government decides to invest a certain proportion of their budget to the OLPC then it has to be cut from some other department, which many governments could not justify. The spending of millions on laptops for children over a health program or more teachers for classrooms was a debate faced by all involved governments and created a major hurdle for OLPC to overcome. In my opinion there are two strategic options that OLPC could undertake, the first option would be to go ahead and get project underway without the firm commitments in an attempt to grab market share through first mover advantage created by being the only sub $200 laptop and then continue to market it to governments by showing benefits through real results. The other strategic option would be to join up with one of the currently successful companies to create a unified product such as the Lenovo OLPC using combined expertise and solid customer base and distribution network to bring down overall costs and make the $100 laptop a reality out of the gates.

The Ten Avenues Of Revelation - 1218 Words

The ten avenues of Revelation are: â€Å"The Lot, The Urim and Thummim, Dreams, Visions, Theophanies, Angels, Prophets, Events, Jesus Christ and The Bible.†1 The Lot is used as a form of communication from God to man. Lots were stones which were used that were casted to make decisions and one sees this where God makes the final outcome of these lots which are casted. The Urim and Thummim were gemstones that were carried on the high priest s breastplate and used as lots to make decisions on situations through Gods will. Dreams were used by God and still are as a means of special revelation to reveal truths to others. Visions is another form of revelation by God for a vision which is heard. Theophanies were appearances of God is the physical sense in the form of angels to people during the Old Testament period. Angels were used by the Lord as a means of communication from Him to mankind. Prophets were those who had God s word inspired to them directly and spoke and taught that w ord to others. Events are a things that happen that shows God s revelation for instance God parting the Red Sea. Jesus Christ is the supreme form of special revelation where God came in human form to reveal Himself to us in order to bring us salvation. The Bible is another form of special revelation that God uses to speak to us about who He is and in teaching mankind. The Contemporary Views of Revelation hold certain standards in their interpretation standards. These standards are based off of one’sShow MoreRelatedThe Hebrew Bible, By Marc Zvi Brettler1390 Words   |  6 Pagesthe assumption every reader holds a familiarity with it. Clarity comes alongside the resolution that applying the historical-critical method to the Scriptures does not set out to destroy the Hebrew Bible s importance. Rather it lends an unbiased avenue to read these religious texts in a compelling way, bringing understanding in a multifaceted fashion as opposed to one-dimensional, conclusive outcomes. Approaching the Scriptures from a Jewish viewpoint, as discussed in class, is well supported inRead MoreGraduation Speech : Science And Mathematics Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesedX. It was enriching to pursue a forward-looking course and learn under the guidance of professors who always encouraged us to seek different avenues. In the favorable environment, I could utilize my potential and explore my interests. A consistent performer in my college, I am in the bracket of top ten of my class of sixty five students. A learning avenue that I cherish is the stint at Defence Research Development Organisation, New Delhi as an engineering trainee. I worked on  C-V measurement ofRead MoreMartin Luther Essay1806 Words   |  8 Pagesfundamental waysÂâ€"the law and the gospel. The law comes to humanity as the commands of God, such as the Ten Commandments. The law allows the human community to exist and survive because it limits chaos and evil and convicts us of our sinfulness. All humanity has some grasp of the law through the conscience. The law convicts us of our sin and drives us to the gospel, but it is not Gods avenue for salvation. Salvation comes to humanity through the Good News of Jesus Christ. The Good News is thatRead More Charles Wright Mills Essay examples1549 Words   |  7 Pagesapproximately four years. Directly after leaving Maryland, Mills joined the Columbia University Labor Research Division of the Bureau of Applied Social Research. Although Mills was promoted to be an assistant professor at Columbia after only a year, it took ten more years before Mills was advanced to be a full professor. Between the time Mills was an assistant professor and a full professor, he was offered other positions. He refused them simply because of his belief that New York City was the core of UnitedRead MoreThe Life and Achievements of Charles Wright Mills Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesapproximately four years. Directly after leaving Maryland, Mills joined the Columbia University Labor Research Division of the Bureau of Applied Social Research. Although Mills was promoted to be an assistant professor at Colum bia after only a year, it took ten more years before Mills was advanced to be a full professor. Between the time Mills was an assistant professor and a full professor, he was offered other positions. He refused them simply because of his belief that New York City was the core of UnitedRead MoreBishop Charles Mason1348 Words   |  6 Pagescongregations and associations. Mason, Jones, and their colleagues were vehemently opposed and eventually expelled from Baptist churches via the National Baptist Convention.      Mason, while walking along a street in Little Rock, Arkansas, received the revelation of the name, Church Of God In Christ (COGIC) (1 Thess 2:14; 2 Thess 1:1). Thus in 1897, a major new black denomination was born. After days and nights of intensive debating over the Baptism of the Holy Ghost with initial evidence of speakingRead MoreEssay on Asian American1356 Words   |  6 PagesPhilippines. She narrates the first scene in the movie theater: I am powerless, I am only ten years old. I remembered to this day how I longed to run out of the fluorescent Caf#233; Espana back into the anonymous darkness of the Avenue Theater, where I could bask in the soothing, projected glow of Color by De Luxe (p5). In this quote Rio acknowledges her weakness at such a young age. It seems awkward for a ten year old to understand weakness because usually children at that age believe they are invisibleRead MoreAn Outsider s Perspective On An Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pagesin their lives. Group Information I attended a meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) consisted of men and women in a group related to their own environment. This is an open meeting to the public at Awakening Serenity Club on the corner of Dracaea Avenue in Moreno Valley on September 30th at 7:00 p.m. It s a place where most students would not likely come to because there are no street lights; it s very dark at night. I felt the presence of uneasiness in my stomach existing from this environmentRead MoreEssay on Res3511656 Words   |  7 PagesChoreographer Alvin Ailey’s best-known work, Revelations, is more than just a crowd-pleaser. B. Correct. C. Correct. D. A member of an organization that provides job training for teens was also appointed to the education commission. E. Brian Eno, who began his career as a rock musician, turned to meditative composition in late 1970s. 1. I had the pleasure of talking to a woman, who had just returned from India, where she had lived for ten years. 2. Patrick’s oldest sister, FionaRead MoreBiography of Dolph Briscoe, Governor of Texas From 1973 to 19791729 Words   |  7 Pageshis inauguration day, they hosted a special reception at the Governors Mansion just for the all the citizens of Uvalde. Dolph was never one to favor lengthy speeches, even if it was for an inaugural, so he kept his to a relatively short and sweet ten minutes. He talked about the themes on which he had run his campaign. The restoration of public confidence in state government, which had been lost. No new taxes. Effective and efficient government services that really work. Enhancing educational

Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points - 1714 Words

Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points provided a partial model of his diplomatic approach, since he promised democracy and self-determination for Europe, particularly for countries under enemy occupation during the First World War or for subject people in the Ottoman, German and Hapsburg Empires. None of these survived the war, and the Poles, Czechs and other Europeans did gain national homelands, although this was not the case for the non-white subject peoples of the British and French Empires. Nor did it even hold true for the nations of Latin America and the Caribbean, where Wilson intervened during World War I. Indeed, Haiti was occupied from 1915-34 and the Dominican Republic from 1916-24, while Wilson intervened repeatedly in the Mexican Revolution. Moreover, at the end of World War I, Britain and France divided up Germanys African colonies between them, and also maintained control over the Arab parts of the former Ottoman Empire as trusteeships. Although Wilson is generally consider ed idealistic and well-meaning, in the Fourteen Points he ended up making many promises that the U.S. government had neither the power nor even the desire to carry out, particularly in its treatment of Germany, Russia, Turkey and the colonial peoples around the world. Nor were the other Great Powers ever likely to willingly give up their own colonies and spheres of influence while the U.S. held onto its own. Nor were Wilsons hopes for the League of Nations ever fulfilled for he died in 1924Show MoreRelatedWoodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points2163 Words   |  9 Pagespursuing negotiations of peace and cease fire, not from their European counterparts, but from American President Woodrow Wilson . Germany was hoping to benefit from President Wilson’s ideals of peace and justice for all, ideals he had laid out publicly that year in a January speech outlining his â€Å"blueprint for a new democratic world order.† These Fourteen Points became the cornerstone of Wilson’s contribution to the peace negotiations following the armistice that ended the war in November of 1918. FocusingRead MoreAnalysis of Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points 1853 Words   |  8 PagesThe Fourteen Points President Wilson was determined to achieve peace. He based his peacemaking efforts in the academic argument Fourteen Points. Ideas of freedom of the seas, internationalism and justice for all were embedded in his idealistic approach, in an attempt to making long lasting peace. The Fourteen Points were enthusiastically accepted by the United States, Allies and even Lenin – setting up the political mood as co-operative and internationalized. The summary of those points isRead MoreWoodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points on the Paris Peace Settlement931 Words   |  4 Pages1. Assess the impact of Woodrow Wilson’s fourteen points on the Paris Peace Settlement and determine whether Wilson was successful in his goals. The Paris of Peace conference was held on January 1919 in Versailles just right outside of Paris. Paris of Peace conference was called to establish reasonable terms to make peace with the countries after World War I. In that conference there was almost thirty nations that were participates. The â€Å"Big Four† were there as well, the big four consisted of GreatRead MoreHow and Why the Treaty of Versailles Differed from Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points1021 Words   |  5 PagesHow and Why the Treaty of Versailles Differed from Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points Wilsons fourteen points indicated that what he mainly wanted was peace, justice, harmony and freedom in the world and between all different countries, whereas the Treaty of Versailles showed a different view and dealt with Germany, mainly with how the land was going to used from then on within the world. One of Wilsons points said that he wanted for the wishes and views of the localRead MoreWorld War I And The United Policy Of Strict Neutrality931 Words   |  4 PagesU.S. President Woodrow Wilson discusses the aims of the United States in World War I and outlines his famous â€Å"Fourteen Points† for achieving a lasting peace in Europe. The Fourteen Points is a blueprint for world peace that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I, elucidated in a January 8, 1918, speech on war aims and peace terms by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. There are few speeches in history that influenced the world in the way Woodrow Wilson s Fourteen Points speech did. AsRead MoreWoodrow Wilson s President Of The United States1476 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Woodrow Wilson was the 18th President of the United States. He is well known as the President who led our nation through the First World War Wilson also happens to be well remembered through Wilson’s famous Fourteen Points. President Wilson had also led America through important events on the domestic front and in her foreign affairs. Almost every American has heard of President Thomas Woodrow Wilson as his legacy is still seen in America today as all his choices had a significant effect onRead MorePrimary Source Analysis Example991 Words   |  4 PagesPrimary Source Analysis: Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points The source is a speech delivered by Woodrow Wilson on January 8th 1918; the speech was delivered among Woodrow’s fellow congressmen in the American congress. However, the speech was not written purely by Wilson, During World War I, Walter Lippmann became an adviser to President Woodrow Wilson and assisted in the drafting of the speech. The several points covered in Wilson’s speech aimed to resolve territorial issues in Europe, as well asRead MoreWoodrow Wilson1206 Words   |  5 PagesWoodrow Wilson’s fourteen points was a statement determined on January 8, 1918 by himself. He was the twenty eighth president of the United States. The fourteen points was made when they were declaring that World War one was occurring because of an ethical cause and after war peace in Europe. The fourteen point’s speech first discussed that there be a private but international understanding of any kind but peacekeeping shall continue in the public view. The purpose of this i s to clearly get rid ofRead MoreWoodrow Wilson Presidency : Election Of 19121080 Words   |  5 PagesTHE WOODROW WILSON PRESIDENCY Election of 1912 The election of 1912 involved four candidates: Democrat Woodrow Wilson, Republican William Howard Taft, Socialist Eugene V. Debs, and Progressive Theodore Roosevelt. The two major candidates in the 1912 election would be Roosevelt and Wilson. Wilson’s proposal of New Freedom engaged his supporters. The New Freedom notion intended to eliminate all trusts instead of just regulating them in hopes of an economic competition restoration. On the day of theRead More Woodrow Wilson and The Presidency Essays1515 Words   |  7 Pages Woodrow Wilson and The Presidency From the beginning of the 1912 election, the people could sense the new ideas of Woodrow Wilson would move them in the right direction. Wilsons idea of New Freedom would almost guarantee his presidential victory in 1912. In contrast to Wilsons New Freedom, Roosevelts New Nationalism called for the continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions, paralleled by the growth of powerful regulatory agencies. Roosevelts ideas were founded in the Herbert Crolys

A Father of the Nation The sacrifice Abraham Lincoln Essay

The sacrifice Abraham Lincoln gave to the country did not just involve his time, but his life as well. Leading up to his death, Lincoln became known as many things, a leader, an orator, and a martyr. There is extensive research into his life on the type of man he was and had to become through the war. He had to change from a lawyer to a man willing to go above and beyond for his homeland. Many argue that he was a God-fearing man, others that he did not have a God to even believe in. The main idea though that stayed constant during the war was his great desire to keep the Union together. Other viewpoints had to grow and progress just as Lincoln had to up until his death. Lincoln’s call for a strong Union was seen when looking through†¦show more content†¦Lincoln already had in his mind the idea that the spread of slavery needed to be stopped where it was, but it was not his ultimate goal to remove it from the nation. He needed the support of all in the Republica n Party to gain candidacy, and calling for a full scale removal of slavery was not the route to go. Later on his speech continued to beg for the unification of the nation. He asked that the Northerners to not submit to the demands of the South, at the same time he asked the Southerners to realize that they were going against their fore fathers’ wishes. In these last two sections of the Cooper Union address it is once again seen that Lincoln truly had a sense of nationalism before he was even considered to become the president. The deep respect and love he had for the fore fathers and America was unmatched. This was seen by the Republican Party and he was chosen over Senator William H. Seward of New York to become their presidential candidate, despite having â€Å"only one undistinguished congressional term under his belt† (Anonymous). Transitioning from his time giving the Cooper Union speech to giving the Gettysburg Address, Lincoln had already grown. His wishes to keep the Union from breaking up were dashed as he was inaugurated into the presidency. Now he had to face the ultimate question on how to fix what he had tried so hard to keep from breaking. Unbeknownst to either side, theShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln s The Battle Of Gettysburg984 Words   |  4 Pagesoffice, Abraham Lincoln faced an almost unsurmountable task. Not only did Lincoln try to eradicate the idea of a human owning another human, but he also had to keep unity among the country. With a civil war raging, and a divided country in anarchy, Lincoln did not have the odds in his favor. After the Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln took a step back to show everybody, through the Gettysburg Address, the doom that America will face if it were to continue down the path that it is heading. Lincoln didn’tRead MoreAbraham Lincoln Reaffirmed the Values of Our Founding Fathers678 Words   |  3 Pagesnine years ago, Abraham Lincoln, our sixteenth President of the United States of America, set off for Gettysburg in order to consecrate Gettysburg National Cemetery. In an uncharacteristically short speech-at least for the 1860s-Lincoln was able to reaffirm the values our Founding Fathers had laid down in the Declaration of Independence as well as the Constitution, and painted a vision of a unified United States where freedom and democracy would be the rule for all citizens. Lincoln utilized variousRead MoreThe War Of Abraham Lincoln906 Words   |  4 Pageselection of Abraham Lincoln. South Caroline issued the â€Å" Declaration of the Causes of Secession† because they believed Lincoln was anti-slaver (Bartels). However during the most consequential period in American history, on November 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected as the sixteenth president of the United States and the first Republican President. As the commander in chief the union army, Lincoln needed to bring an end to the war and reunite the nation. On November 19, 1863 Abraham Lincoln gav e one ofRead MoreThe Gettysburg Address By Abraham Lincoln1370 Words   |  6 Pagesraces including white and black. Abraham Lincoln was the president during this era and knew he had to put an end to this but didn’t have a solution to solve it. When the United States was founded everything was as simple as it could get but as the years went it started getting more complex, and Lincoln noticed that. The Gettysburg Address is a speech by Abraham Lincoln known as one of the best speeches in American history. One reason why President Abraham Lincoln did this speech was to start theRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1449 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Slavery is founded on the selfishness of man’s nature; opposition to it on his love for justice.† This saying by Abraham Lincoln tells us that people are really different when it comes to their beliefs and attitudes. Some are so focused on wealth, which is why they have slaves to work for free, and treated them as properties instead of real human beings. On the other hand, some people were against slavery because it violated the basic human rights like the right to life, liberty, and security.Read MorePolitical Characteristics of Presidents Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagestheir myths up around Abraham Lincoln. Republicans define themselves as the party of first principles, that is, the original American values and models — individualism, pioneering spirit, free enterprise, anti-centralism and anti-bureaucracy, family values and neighborly spirit etc., which the Democrats regard as a caricaturing a must-have mentality that runs right through the GOP, a strongest-survive and elitism stance relevant to Americas top ten thousand. Abraham Lincoln 16th President of theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Abraham Lincoln s Gettysburg Address1564 Words   |  7 Pagesspeeches. A rhetorical analysis of this legendary speech would reveal the key components that made it so prominent. The evaluation of the genre, and rhetorical devices, ethos, pathos, and logos, in the speech show how the piece was effective. Abraham Lincoln is one of the most renowned presidents in history. During his term, he delivered one of the most influential speeches that will change the lives of many. He delivered The Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863, at the dedication for the fallenRead MoreThe Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln546 Words   |  2 PagesThe Gettysburg address is a very intriguing speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln. This speech touched bases on the many lives that have been lost during the civil war. This speech gained attention because it considered the impact that was made in the country’s history. Abraham did not want to forget the lives that were lost, but indeed give a dedication to the fallen soldiers. â€Å"It is for us the living, rather to be dedicated to the unfinished work which who they fought here have thus far so noblyRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Ab olition Of Slavery879 Words   |  4 Pagesit was not the only defining factor of Abraham Lincoln when he was president. Lincoln saw past the inequality of black and white and regarded equality and freedom above all as a basis for a united nation because he wrote the Gettysburg Address at a crucial time during the civil war to earn favor among freed slaves and to those opposed to slavery in the North and he decreed the Emancipation Proclamation as a stepping stone to achieve his ultimate goal. Lincoln had deep feelings on the subject of libertyRead MorePresident Abraham Lincoln Delivered One Of The Most Famous Speeches1698 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 19, 1863 was the day when at the time President Abraham Lincoln delivered one of the most famous speeches in the American History. Lincolns brief but was powerful, Gettysburg Address described the United States as being a pivotal crossroads. While Lincoln credited with creating the â€Å"Government of the People, by the people,† it was really for the older countries. A while after Lincoln was invited to make a few remarks at a ceremony consecrating a new cemetery for the Union Soldiers. That

Analysis of Secure Real Time Transport Protocol on Voip over Free Essays

string(125) " experiments will receive two types of modes: i\) one-to-one call conversation; ii\) multi conference call \(many-to-many\)\." Mohd Nazri Ismail / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering Vol. 02, No. 03, 2010, 898-902 Analysis of Secure Real Time Transport Protocol on VoIP over Wireless LAN in Campus Environment Mohd Nazri Ismail Department of MIIT, University of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), MALAYSIA mnazrii@miit. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Secure Real Time Transport Protocol on Voip over or any similar topic only for you Order Now unikl. edu. my Abstract- In this research, we propose to implement Secure Real Time Transport Protocol (SRTP) on VoIP services in campus environment. Today, the deployment of VoIP in campus environment over wireless local area network (WLAN) is not considered on security during communication between two parties. Therefore, this study is to analyzed SRTP performance on different VoIP codec selection over wired. We have implemented a real VoIP network in University of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), Malaysia. We use softphone as our medium communication between two parties in campus environment. The results show that implementation of SRTP is able to improve the VoIP quality between one-to-one conversation and multi conference call (many-to-many). In our experiment, it shows that iLBC, SPEEX and GSM codec are able to improve significantly the multi conference (many-to-many) VoIP quality during conversation. In additional, implementation of SRTP on G. 711 and G. 726 codec will decrease the multi conference (many-to-many) VoIP quality. Keywords- Codecs, Softphone, SRTP, WLAN I. INTRODUCTION AND RELATED WORKS University of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL) has implemented a real VoIP over wireless LAN in campus environment. This implementation is not covered any security features. Therefore, the objective of this study is to enable the security function using Secure Real Time Transport Protocol (SRTP). We will study the performance of SRTP on different codec such as G. 711, G. 726, GSM, iLBC and SPEEX. iLBC is a speech codec developed for robust voice communication over IP, it uses 13. 33 Kbps. It provides low delay and high packet loss robustness for low-bit rate codec’s. SPEEX codec is open source patent-free audio compression format designed for speech. Codec is an algorithm used to encode and decode the voice conversation. Secure Real Time Transport Protocol (SRTP) defines a profile of Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP), intended to provide ncryption, message authentication and integrity and replay protection to the RTP data in both unicast and multicast applications. Previous work is to evaluate the trade-off existing between quality of service and security when SRTP [6] is employed to protect RTP (Real Time Protocol) sessions on VoIP calls [5]. There is no such study has been conducted on comparison of VoIP one-to-one call and multi conference call (many-to-many) perfo rmance using SRTP functionality. With its promise of inclusion, innovation, and growth, VoIP also brings challenges. VoIP is not easy to secure. It suffers all of the problems associated with any Internet application, and VoIP security is complicated by its interconnection to the PSTN. A host of trust, implementation, and operational complexities make securing VoIP particularly complex. In fact, the same aspects that make the VoIP software model so powerful—its flexible, open, distributed design—are what make it potentially problematic [7][8]. Various security requirements have to be met to secure VoIP transmission: Authentication, Privacy and Confidentiality, Integrity, Non repudiation, Non replay and Resource availability [9]. The threats faced by a VoIP are similar to other applications including: unwanted communication (spam), privacy violations (unlawful intercept), impersonation (masquerading), theft-of service, and denial-of-service [10]. II. METHODOLOGY We have setup a real wireless network environment to analyze and measure implementation of VoIP service using security function (SRTP) at University of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL) in Malaysia. This study posits several research questions: i) what is the STRP performance level of the VoIP over WLAN based on one-to-one call and multi conference call? nd ii) which codecs are able to provide better improvement of VoIP conversation? Figure 2. 1 and Figure 2. 2 show the flow of VoIP conversation call between one-to-one and multi conference. We measure our voice quality using human perception. Mean Opinion Score (MOS) technique is the best approach to measure and ISSN : 0975-3397 898 Mohd Nazri Ismail / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineer ing Vol. 02, No. 03, 2010, 898-902 validate voice quality between one-to-one call and multi conference call. Figure 2. 3 shows the measurement of VoIP performance over WLAN using SRTP implementation. We also test on different codecs selection such G. 711, G. 726, GSM, iLBC and SPEEX. III. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Figure 2. 1: VoIP over One-to-One Conversation This section measures and compares VoIP performance over WLAN using SRTP function. In voice and video communication, quality usually dictates whether the experience is a good or bad one. Besides the qualitative description we hear, like ‘quite good’ or ‘very bad’, there is a numerical method of expressing voice and video quality. It is called Mean Opinion Score (MOS). MOS can be tested using: i) human perception; ii) simulation model; and iii) automated system [1] [2]. MOS gives a numerical indication of the perceived quality of the media received after being transmitted and eventually compressed using codecs. MOS is expressed in one number, from 1 to 5, 1 being the worst and 5 the best. MOS is quite subjective; as it is based figures that result from what is perceived by people during tests (refer to Table 3. 1). We will select five different users to evaluate and rate the VoIP performance using SRTP and without SRTP functionality. When users cannot get a dial tone or there are excessive delays in ringing the other party’s phone, VoIP performance is unacceptable. Call quality is a function of packet loss rate, delay, and jitter is typically represented as a MOS [3], [4]. Table 3. 1: Mean Opinion Score (MOS) Ratings Mean Opinion Score (MOS) Ratings Excellent 5 (Perfect. Like face-to-face conversation Figure 2. 2: VoIP over Many-to-Many (Multi Conference) Conversation Good Fair Poor Bad or radio reception) 4 (Fair. Imperfections can be perceived, but sound still clear. This is (supposedly) the range for cell phones) 3 (Annoying) 2 (Very annoying. Nearly impossible to communicate) 1 (Impossible to communicate) Figure 3. shows the configuration of codec protocol such as G. 711, G. 726, GSM, iLBC and SPEEX. This 3CX softphone is able to active ‘Echo Cancellation’ and ‘SRTP’. The VoIP experiments will receive two types of modes: i) one-to-one call conversation; ii) multi conference call (many-to-many). You read "Analysis of Secure Real Time Transport Protocol on Voip over" in category "Essay examples" Figure 3. 2 shows the result of VoIP one-to-one conversation. Figure 3. 3 shows the result of VoIP multi conference (many-to-many) call. Figure 2. 3: Measurement and Evaluation of VoIP over WLAN using SRTP Approach ISSN : 0975-3397 899 Mohd Nazri Ismail / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering Vol. 2, No. 03, 2010, 898-902 improvement on VoIP quality performance and at the same time able to provide element of security (refer to Table 3. 3 and Figure 3. 5). The significant improvement is GSM and SPEEX codecs after implemented SRTP. Table 3. 2: Multi Conference without SRTP User Codec Figure 3. 1: 3CX Softphone Codec and SRTP Configuration G. 711 G. 726 GSM iLBC SPEEX User 1 3 4 1 2 5 User 2 3 3 1 2 4 User 3 2 3 1 3 4 User 4 3 4 1 2 4 User 5 2 4 1 2 5 Figure 3. 2: One-to-One Call Conversation Result Figure 3. 4: Users Rate VoIP for Multi Conference Call Without SRTP Table 3. : Multi Conference with SRTP User Codec G. 711 G. 726 GSM iLBC SPEEX Figure 3. 3: Multi Conference Call ( many-tomany) Conversation Result Most of the users agreed and rates this VoIP without SRTP will provide a good quality for G. 711 and G. 726 codecs. Other users agreed and rates 4 to 5 ratings for SPEEX codec without using SRTP during multi conference conversation (refer to Table 3. 2 and Figure 3. 4). After implemented SRTP on VoIP during multi conference session occurs, it shows some User 1 2 3 4 5 5 User 2 1 3 4 5 5 User 3 1 2 3 4 5 User 4 2 2 3 4 5 User 5 1 2 3 4 5 ISSN : 0975-3397 900 Mohd Nazri Ismail / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering Vol. 02, No. 03, 2010, 898-902 Table 3. 5: One-to-One Call with SRTP User Codec G. 711 G. 726 GSM iLBC SPEEX User 1 2 3 2 4 5 User 2 1 3 2 4 4 User 3 1 2 2 4 5 User 4 2 2 2 4 4 User 5 2 3 2 4 5 Figure 3. 5: Users Rate VoIP for Multi Conference Call With SRTP Most of the users agreed and rates this VoIP oneto-one call without SRTP will also provide low quality for G. 711, G. 726 and GSM codecs. Other users agreed and rates 3 and 5 ratings for iLBC and SPEEX codecs without using SRTP during one-to-one call (refer to Table 3. and Figure 3. 6). After implemented SRTP on VoIP during one-to-one session occurs, it shows significant improvement on VoIP quality performance for G. 711, G. 726, GSM, iLBC and SPEEX over WLAN (refer to Table 3. 5 and Figure 3. 7). Table 3. 4: One-to-One Call Without SRTP User Codec G. 711 G. 726 GSM iLBC SPEEX User 1 2 1 2 3 5 User 2 2 2 2 3 4 User 3 2 1 2 4 4 User 4 1 1 1 3 4 U ser 5 1 2 2 4 4 Figure 3. 7: Users Rate VoIP for One-to-One Call with SRTP Figure 3. 8 and Figure 3. 9 show the average MOS score for VoIP conversation over one-to-one call and multi conference call (many-to-many), respectively. VoIP Conversation over Multi Conference Call: Before implemented SRTP, the average MOS score for G. 711 is 2. 5, 3. 5 for G. 726, 1 for GSM, 2. 1 for iLBC and 4. 5 for SPEEX. After implemented SRTP, the average MOS score for G. 711 and G. 726 are decreased the ratings approximately 1 to 2. 5. GSM, iLBC and SPEEX codecs show the average MOS score are 3. 5, 4. 5 and 5. GSM, iLBC and SPEEX codec show the increasing of VoIP performance after implemented SRTP (refer to Figure 3. 8). VoIP Conversation over One-to-One Call: Before implemented SRTP, the average MOS score for G. 711 is 1. , 1. 4 for G. 726, 1. 8 for GSM, 3. 5 for iLBC and 4. 2 for SPEEX. After implemented SRTP, the average MOS score shows the significant improvement for G. 711, G. 726, GSM, iLBC and SPEEX codecs. Therefore, implementation of SRTP can improve the VoIP quality performance for one-to-one call over WLAN (refer to Figure 3. 9). Figure 3. 6: Users Rate VoIP for One-to-One Call without SRTP ISSN : 0975-3397 901 Mohd Nazri Ismail / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering Vol. 02, No. 03, 2010, 898-902 dependency conditions that could influence voice quality. Future work, we will extend our experiment on VoIP over VPN implementation in Campus environment. References [1]. Moura N. T. ; Vianna B. A. ; Albuquergue C. V. N; Rebello V. E. F Boeres C. â€Å"MOS-Based Rate Adaption for VoIP Sources†. IEEE International Conference on Communication, pp. 628-633, 2007. [2]. Masuda M. Ori K. â€Å"Delay Variation Metrics for Speech Quality Estimation of VoIP†. Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEIC) Technical Report, Vol. 101(11), pp. 101-106, 2001. [3]. R. G. Cole J. H. Rosenbluth. â€Å"Voice over IP Performance Monitoring†. SIGCOMM Computer Communication Rev. Vol. 31(2), pp. 9-24, 2001. [4]. L. Ding R. Goubran. â€Å"Speech Quality Prediction in VoIP Using the Extended e-Model. Global Telecommunication Conference, GLOBECOM ’03. IEEE, Vol. 7, pp. 3974-3978, 2003. [5]. Alexandre P. ; Edjair M. ; Edjard M. â€Å"Analysis of the Secure RTP Protocol on Voice over Wireless Networks using Extended MedQoS†. Proceedings of the 2009 ACM symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 86 – 87, 2009. [6]. M. Baugher, D. McGrew, M. Naslund, E. Carrara, K. Norrman. â€Å"The Secure Real- Time Transport Protocol (SRTP)†. RFC 3711 (Proposed Standard), March 2004. [7] Douglas C. Sicker Tom L. VoIP Security: Not an Afterthought†, FEATURE: Q focus: Voice Over IP, Vol. 2(6), pp. 56-64, 2004. [8] Vesselin I. , Theodor T. , Amdt T. â€Å"Experiences in VoIP telephone network security policy at the University of Applied Sciences (FHTW) Berlin†, Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Computer systems and technologi es, Bulgaria, Vol. 285(3), 2007. [9] Wafaa B. D. , Samir T. , Carole B. â€Å"Critical vpn security analysis and new approach for securing voip communications over vpn networks†, Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on Wireless multimedia networking and performance modelling,Chania, Crete Island, Greece, pp. 2-96, 2007. [10] Nekita A. C. , Chhabria S. A. â€Å"Multiple design patterns for voice over IP security†, Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication and Control, Mumbai, India, pp. 530 – 534, 2009. Figure 3. 8: VoIP Conversation over Multi Conference Call over WLAN Figure 3. 9: VoIP Conversation over One-to-One Call over WLAN IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Based on the results, implementation of SRTP using GSM, iLBC and SPEEX codecs are able to generate high quality of VoIP conversation WLAN for one-to-one conversation and multi conference call (many-to-many). After implemented SRTP for multi conference call (many-to-many), the MOS result indicates that G. 711 and G. 726 codec will decrease the performance of VoIP conversation over WLAN. Overall of our finding, it confirms that enable SRTP will improve and increase the quality of one-to-one VoIP conversation and VoIP over multi conference call (only for iLBC, GSM and SPEEX codecs). Since the manual/human MOS tests are quite subjective and less than productive in many ways, there are nowadays a number of software tools that carry out automated MOS testing in a VoIP deployment. Although they lack the human touch, the good thing with these tests is that they take into account all the network ISSN : 0975-3397 902 Copyright of International Journal on Computer Science Engineering is the property of Engg Journals Publications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. How to cite Analysis of Secure Real Time Transport Protocol on Voip over, Essay examples

HND Marketing Principle Assessment

Question: Discuss about the HND Marketing Principle Assessment. Answer: Introduction In this study, the focus is on the marketing of the smart phones and how the companies who are in the manufacturing of smart phones deal with the competitive markets and industry. This study will give a brief description about the two companies that are the leading companies of smart phones: iPhone and Samsung. After analyzing and research on this study, the learners will learn and understand about the concepts and procedure of marketing that takes place in both of the companies (Wilkie, and Moore, 2003). In a business organization, there are many departments to manage the entire work o the marketing of the products and service. The revenues and sales of the company mainly dependent on the activities of marketing takes place in the company (Parasuraman, and Grewal, 2000). So, there is a need to develop a dynamic team for the marketing of the products to ensure the profitability and higher sales. Normally, the multinational companies spend and invest big amount of investment in the marketing activities for their products and services. The report represents the marketing strategy of those big companies like Samsung, iPhone, etc. and their marketing environment (Gummesson, 2005). The study is conducted by using various types of concepts of marketing, methods, approaches, position of the company, marketing mix, etc. there are various contexts for all the companies who are into the production of mobile phones. It becomes very important for companies to analyze the marketing condition before framing of plans and policies. The study will describe about the marketing mix that consist of 7 Ps of iPhone and Samsung. The 7 Ps of both the companies will introduce about the types of products manufactured by both and the difference between the products of both companies (Parasuraman, and Zinkhan, 2002). The distribution is also different of iPhone and Samsung. In this way, the place, price, promotion, physical evidence, people, etc will be mentioned. There are various types of additional elements in the marketing mix that directly or indirectly explain about these companies. The discussions will also be on the marketing orientation approach for the launch of new smart p hone in the market. The macro environment that is the internal and external environment for the smart phones companies will be analyzed. It is through the PESTLE and SWOT analysis that are required to be considered while framing the decisions for the marketing. This report will also conduct an analysis on the marketing segmentation, targeting and positioning for the new smart phone (Summers, 2001). In this part of the report, the discussion will take place on the marketing mix for the two companies that are Samsung and iPhone. In this, this part there is an in-depth discussions on the 4 Ps and well as the extended 7 Ps of marketing. iPhone Samsung Product Development of the products in a way that they can be sustained and compete in the markets and industry of smart phones To sustain the competitive advantage, the iPhone company is using the techniques of product differentiation. It refers to planning of the policies and the procedures that are related to the iPhones offered by the iPhone company. Generally, the decision for the products manufactured by apple are related to the functionality, quality, packaging, branding, after sales service. The product portfolio of Samsung is very vast. They use quantity to sustain in the competitive advantage. They have various types of product categories. The varieties of Samsung phone are available at every price. The biggest benefits for the Samsung are that the customers trust this brand (Gummesson, 2003). There is no such differentiation in any other smart phones and Samsung phones as the soft ware used in this company is very basic and android. The uniqueness is that this company phones are the most selling phones in the entire world due the availably of all the features of smart phones on reasonable rates. Place To provide customer convenience to the customers the companies use very effective and efficient procedures that are mentioned here The place plays a vital role in the distribution of the product. The products of apple are available of the authentic stores and apple stores like imagine. The online purchase of apple products takes place on Snapdeal, Flipkart and Amazon. There are more 500 apple stores in the entire world (Castaldo, Premazzi, and Zerbini, 2010). The distribution of this company is little bit restricted as the smart phones of apple are not available at any store. The company has some restrictions in the distribution of the phones. They have apple store for the customers who have any problems and issue with the phone. The same distribution takes place in Samsung company. The stores and outlets of Samsung phone are amazing and they are also sold at authentic retailer sellers. The phones of Samsung are also available online on many online website like Amazon, Flipkart, Snapdeal, paytm, etc. The phones of Samsung are made available in the market and the service centers are also there to solve the problems of customers (Parasuraman, and Colby, 2007). Price The prices are set to attract a large group of customers and the prices are set to reflect an organisations objectives and market conditions for both the companies The phones of iPhone do not compromise with their price due to any reason. They do not change the price due to the competition and for any other reasons (Phelps et.al. 2004). The price of iPhone smart phones does not go down due to old model. It is a premium seller and this company does not have any compromise with the products and its prices. The price of this phone is determined by the differentiation, uniqueness, and the features. It is a company that o not believes in the competition with any other company of smart phone in terms of process. Thus the strategies of for the pricing their products are as an inspirational item. The smart phones of apple are the most expensive phones. There is no company that can compete with the prices of this brand. It helps the company in maintaining the brand image and the royalty. There are various types of strategies used by this company. They use various methods of pricing like skimming method in which the high value is transferred to the customers as compared to competitors. The pricing strategy of this company is that once the model is old and any competitor launched the same product, than they drop the price (Balmer, and Greyser, 2006). The company Samsung is just opposite from the apple company because the pricing strategy of this company is to attract more customers through reasonable prices of their smart phones. Promotion Promotional activity is integrated to achieve marketing objectives Apple is known as a major marketer for its product and services. There are various ways through which the marketing and promotion of apple products takes place that is through events, press, developers, etc. who sell and promote the products of apple live. They use very easy and effective methods in the advertisement of their products and services. The YouTube of apple has more than 3 million subscribers and it has more than 140 millions views on the video. The last video of apple has more than 1 million views. They try to maintain good relations with their experts who help in publishing of the newspapers and magazines and also review them (Rafiq, and Ahmed, 2000). There are multiple types of promotion used by Samsung. It is a company that attracts the customers through advertisement and pricing strategy. They use strong tactics to push the product into the market. It provides many offers, discount, gifts, etc. to the customers. People The additional elements of the extended marketing mix Apple is famous for its operations, unction and process. This company has many factories that work in a very systematic way to produce all the products and services. They are also famous for the kind of simplicity they follow in their company. It can be easily visible and ultimate sophistication from the website and YouTube videos. If anyone wants to see their process of GUI than the websites architecture can help them to find the same. They try to be very helpful and provide good customer service to their customers (Kay, 2006). The motive of the company Samsung is to satisfy the demand of every people so they manufacture the smart phones in a way that they are reasonable and affordable by all. This is one of the unique elements in the Samsung phones. The kinds of people they hire in their company are very efficient and work with the dedication. The process of manufacturing is available on YouTube. They have a systematic flow of the wok and it s also a very simple company that believes in simplicity. The try to follow a particular tradition t manufacture their smart phones and this is the reason due to which the company is enjoying the position of a leading company. Physical Evidence As discussed in the above description, the apple stores are way better than any other smart phones store. This company has wonderful apple store that has a class and provides the customers a delight while visiting the stores of apple. The website of this company is very smooth and designed in a way that it attracts the customers and appeal to it premium and permanent customers with less of words and more art. The type of services provided by this company is very premium as they are professional and know how to deal their customers across the world. The other extended marketing mix are the dress code, paper work, etc. There are many additional services provided by the Samsung to their customers. They also provide Process Apple is company that is very much known fro their operation and procedures. The company has a very systematic Samsung use effective way to manufacture their products and they have a systematic way to work in the organization (Spurling et.al. 2010.). Marketing proposal Sonic is a new company that was initiated in the 2015. It is just an 18 months old company. The company is trying to launch new smart phones in the market. So it requires various types of marketing techniques to establish a reputed place in the smart phones industry. It is knows as sonic 1000. The market segmentation for these products is very specific as the phones of this company are not very famous (Knight, Madsen, and Servais, 2004). The aim of this company is to target the current telecommunication and smart phone market in which the demand for mart phones is very high and it is increasing with the time. There s a need n the expanded communication, storage facilities, entertainments, etc. the primary marketing objective of this company is to achieve a big amount of sale that is 500000 units in the first year of their launch. So the companys primary objective is to have revenue of up to $ 75 million in its first year of launch. The company is also trying to maintain its loss less than $ 8 million in the first year. In this way, the company is planning to go herd. In the second year, the sonic company is hoping to have revenues more than the last year and to become the records also (Stenbacka, 2001). The current marketing situation The current marketing situation of sonic market share is made due to the customers who prefer to purchase the smart phones of sonic company. They chose to use this device that has entertainment, information storage, telecommunications exchange, etc. to ease the data to day activities of the customers (Vachon, and Klassen, 2006). So the aim of the company and they are looking forward to the needs and demands of the customers. They are trying to put all the features in one phone so that the customers can enjoy using sonic smart phones. They can carry a phone that has all the features that are found in any expensive smart phone. They want that customer do not have to carry different devices with them. The aim is to put all the relevant apps and software in one phone which is smart enough. For such reason, the target of sonic are the business organization, corporations, entrepreneurs, professionals, students, medical users, etc. they are also targeting the house wives a there are special features for the women in the phone (Varadarajan, and Yadav, 2002). Marketing planning process The planning for the marketing of sonic products takes place by using various sources. They are using many types of platforms in the advertising and marketing of the sonic smart phones. They are using brand positioning techniques. In this the sonic company is trying to differentiate the products by positioning sonic as the most convenient, versatile and value added product for both; personal and professional (Creswell, 2013). They are using various types of product development strategy like the sonic 1000 will be sold with a warty of one year. There will be free insurance for the phones. They are also saying that at the end of they launched a better high end model in the market that will be known as sonic 2000. They are also using the logos and brand of sonic to promote and to make the sonic brand familiar with the customers (Zahra, Ireland,and Hitt, 2000). Argue marketing oriented approach for the smart phone product Macro i.e., external (PESTLE) Political Environmental Social Technological Legal Economic Government rules Regulation stability Rules and regulation related to environment Government interventions Culture Trend Change in technology Updated technology Laws Legal obligations Changes in the countrys economy Currency value Strengths The company sonic has an advantage to be innovative and creative for the beginning of its launch as they offer as large number of features on a single gadget. They also provide many types of securities as they run on a Linux operating system. The operating system of sonic 1000 is also priced model than many other models (McDougall, and Oviatt, 2000). The company has an advantage to get benefits of a new venture as it is new company. There are many types of remedies and subsidiaries provided by the government to such kind of companies. Sonic smart phones have a quality that it has all the features that expensive companies smart hone have. In this way, a sonic smart phone has the caliber to capture a big market share in future. The strength of this company is the innovation and creativity used by this company (Li, and Gima, 2001). Weaknesses The major weakness of this company is that sonic 1000 is lacking of brand awareness. The brand promotion and advertisement of this company are not very effective and efficient. They do not have any prominent marketing strategies to promote their products (Shane, and Venkataraman, 2000). Since the company is new to the market, they have to lots of competition due to the poor marketing and branding of the smart phones. The other weakness of this phone is the physical appearance and physical appearance. The appearance of the phone is slightly thicker as compared to the other smart phones (Oviatt, and McDougall, 2005). The weight of the phones is also heavy due to the combination of all the features its phones have. It is the reason due to which company is facing many issues and problems. The fact is that the customers now want a sleek and light weighted phone that looks ice and decent. It is very heavy as compared to other brands phones that are slimmer and lighter with great looks. It is one of the biggest weaknesses of the smart phones manufactured by sonic (Li, and Zhang, 2007). Opportunities The biggest opportunity of this company is that the smart phones of sonic are in high demand since they come to the market as the phones have many functions. The other opportunity with sonic is that this company has the availability of the cost effective technology that is available at lower cost (Gruber, 2004). The smart phones are very reasonable and can be affordable by a medium class people. It has allowed the company to add value to the smart phones by increasing the profits of the company. Threats The major threat for sonic smart phones is the competition. There are many Smartphone producers in the mobile industry due to which the new companies have to face competition. The old companies are established with effective marketing and branding of their products in such situations, it has become difficult for the smart phone companies to establish their business. The market is flooded with the smart phone companies due to which sonic company have to face issues with the pricing of it products (Dess, and Lumpkin, 2005). Sonic company has to reduce the prices to the pricing of other smart phones. It is the only way to cut down the competition present in the mobile industry. Another fact for sonic smart phone company is the minimal product life cycle of the smart phones. This is the reason due to which the company has to add new features, bring innovation and creativity timely. The segmentation for the population of product of sonic are very common there are no specific difference as the company is new to the market and they first have to establish awareness of the smart phones manufactured by them (Stevenson, and Jarillo, 2007). In this way, they can divide their broad customers base into small segments which helps in targeting and brand positioning of sonic products. Behavior segmentation- this type of division divide the population according to the behavior of the customers Benefit segmentation- this type of segmentation is the most fruitful for the companies as it provided various types of benefits to the company itself. Demographic segmentation- it refers to the segmentation in which is the widest segmentation for the company. It refers to age, gender, family, size, occupation, income, race, nationality, etc. Psychographic segmentation- it is related to the lifestyle, activities, interests, opinions, etc of the market segment. Targeting and positioning For the positioning of the brand, sonic used differentiation in their products as it is one of the convenient way to specify the product. It also helps in developing high vale, versatility and convenience to both the customers as well as producers. The brand positioning takes place by analyzing the demands of the customers and try to fulfill them in the bet way. Marketing mix in different concepts 7 Ps for both customers and business markets Product strategy- The product strategy of this company is that they sold sonic 1000 at a warranty of one year. They are using various types of product development strategy like the sonic 1000 will be sold with a warty of one year. There will be free insurance for the phones. They are also saying that at the end of they launched a better high end model in the market that will be known as sonic 2000. They are also using the logos and brand of sonic to promote and to make the sonic brand familiar with the customers. Pricing strategy- The pricing strategy of this phone is very effective as they use basic pricing methods for the sonic smart phones. The sonic 1000 will be introduced at the price of $ 150 that is the whole sale price of the hone. The retail price for the same phone is $ 199. But at the time of launch the pricing of the sonic 1000 was $ 175 wholesale for per unit. Place- Sonic Company intends to use very selective and particular distribution strategy in their company. The strategy of the company is to distribute the phones only at well known, reputed and online stores. The motive behind this is to manage the value of the phone in the eyes of customers. It will help the company to use particular media to reach to their customers People- The motive of the company sonic are to satisfy the demands of every people due to this they manufacture the smart phones in a way that they are reasonable and affordable by all. This is one of the unique elements in the sonic phones. The kinds of people they hire in their company are very efficient and work with the dedication. They have a systematic flow of the wok and it s also a very simple company that believes in simplicity (Shepherd, Douglas, and Shanley, 2000). Physical evidence- The Company has much evidence like they have data, information, dress code, customers feedbacks, etc as the physical evidence. Process- The type of procedure used by this company is very much effective. Application of marketing mix while new product launched in international markets At the time of launch of the product of sonic phones the company analyzed its various internal and external factors ha can emphasize the product. There is an analysis of all the 4 Ps of the company as well as the extended 7 Ps of sonic company. It has helped the company is identifying the success of the company in the future (Castaldo, Premazzi, and Zerbini, 2010). Conclusion The conclusion of the present study is that marketing of the smart phones has become very important due to the fact that there is a huge competition in the smart phones industry. There are not only multinational companies who are manufacturing smart phones but also many small companies how provide equal competition. In order to remain in the race of smart phones, the company le apple also has to develop strong marketing and advertisement of their company. In this report, we have studied various factors that impact the organizations internal and external environment. In his way there were also discussions on the smart phones like apple and Samsung that are the leading companies in the smart phone. From this study it becomes very clear that marketing management plays a vital role in the promotion of the companies. The companies have to maintain a good marketing strategy in their organization. It can be done through analysis of mart and marketing factors that influence the working of th e companies. We have studies about the marketing mix of apple and Samsung from which an in-depth about the companies has received. From this report, it becomes clear that it is not easy for a new company to start their business in such competitive environment for the smart phone industry. Hence, there is a requirement to identify and analyze the environment of smart phone industry. The smart phone industry in very much competitive as the phones and their features are very similar to each other so they have to maintain differentiation and uniqueness. There is a huge amount of competition present in the smart phone industry. References Balmer, J.M. and Greyser, S.A., 2006. Corporate marketing: Integrating corporate identity, corporate branding, corporate communications, corporate image and corporate reputation. European journal of marketing, 40(7/8), pp.730-741. Castaldo, S., Premazzi, K. and Zerbini, F., 2010. The meaning (s) of trust. A content analysis on the diverse conceptualizations of trust in scholarly research on business relationships. Journal of Business Ethics, 96(4), pp.657-668. Creswell, J.W., 2013. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Dess, G.G. and Lumpkin, G.T., 2005. The role of entrepreneurial orientation in stimulating effective corporate entrepreneurship. The Academy of Management Executive, 19(1), pp.147-156. Gruber, M., 2004. Marketing in new ventures: theory and empirical evidence. Gummesson, E., 2003. All research is interpretive!. Journal of business industrial marketing, 18(6/7), pp.482-492. Gummesson, E., 2005. Qualitative research in marketing: Road-map for a wilderness of complexityand unpredictability. European journal of marketing, 39(3/4), pp.309-327. Kay, M.J., 2006. Strong brands and corporate brands. European Journal of Marketing, 40(7/8), pp.742-760. Knight, G., Koed Madsen, T. and Servais, P., 2004. An inquiry into born-global firms in Europe and the USA. International Marketing Review, 21(6), pp.645-665. Li, H. and Atuahene-Gima, K., 2001. Product innovation strategy and the performance of new technology ventures in China. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), pp.1123-1134. Li, H. and Zhang, Y., 2007. The role of managers' political networking and functional experience in new venture performance: Evidence from China's transition economy. Strategic Management Journal, 28(8), pp.791-804. McDougall, P.P. and Oviatt, B.M., 2000. International entrepreneurship: the intersection of two research paths. Academy of management Journal, 43(5), pp.902-906. Oviatt, B.M. and McDougall, P.P., 2005. Defining international entrepreneurship and modeling the speed of internationalization. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 29(5), pp.537-554. Parasuraman, A. and Colby, C.L., 2007. Techno-ready marketing: How and why your customers adopt technology. The Free Press. Parasuraman, A. and Grewal, D., 2000. The impact of technology on the quality-value-loyalty chain: a research agenda. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 28(1), pp.168-174. Parasuraman, A. and Zinkhan, G.M., 2002. Marketing to and serving customers through the Internet: An overview and research agenda. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(4), pp.286-295. Phelps, J.E., Lewis, R., Mobilio, L., Perry, D. and Raman, N., 2004. Viral marketing or electronic word-of-mouth advertising: Examining consumer responses and motivations to pass along email. Journal of advertising research, 44(4), pp.333-348. Rafiq, M. and Ahmed, P.K., 2000. Advances in the internal marketing concept: definition, synthesis and extension. Journal of services marketing, 14(6), pp.449-462. Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S., 2000. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of management review, 25(1), pp.217-226. Shepherd, D.A., Douglas, E.J. and Shanley, M., 2000. New venture survival: Ignorance, external shocks, and risk reduction strategies. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5), pp.393-410. Spurling, G.K., Mansfield, P.R., Montgomery, B.D., Lexchin, J., Doust, J., Othman, N. and Vitry, A.I., 2010. Information from pharmaceutical companies and the quality, quantity, and cost of physicians' prescribing: a systematic review. PLoS Med, 7(10), p.e1000352. Stenbacka, C., 2001. Qualitative research requires quality concepts of its own. Management decision, 39(7), pp.551-556. Stevenson, H.H. and Jarillo, J.C., 2007. A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management. In Entrepreneurship (pp. 155-170). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Summers, J.O., 2001. Guidelines for conducting research and publishing in marketing: From conceptualization through the review process. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 29(4), pp.405-415. Vachon, S. and Klassen, R.D., 2006. Extending green practices across the supply chain: the impact of upstream and downstream integration. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 26(7), pp.795-821. Varadarajan, P.R. and Yadav, M.S., 2002. Marketing strategy and the internet: an organizing framework. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(4), pp.296-312. Wilkie, W.L. and Moore, E.S., 2003. Scholarly research in marketing: Exploring the 4 eras of thought development. Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 22(2), pp.116-146. Zahra, S.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hitt, M.A., 2000. International expansion by new venture firms: International diversity, mode of market entry, technological learning, and performance. Academy of Management journal, 43(5), pp.925-950.