A Father of the Nation The sacrifice Abraham Lincoln Essay

The sacrifice Abraham Lincoln gave to the country did not just involve his time, but his life as well. Leading up to his death, Lincoln became known as many things, a leader, an orator, and a martyr. There is extensive research into his life on the type of man he was and had to become through the war. He had to change from a lawyer to a man willing to go above and beyond for his homeland. Many argue that he was a God-fearing man, others that he did not have a God to even believe in. The main idea though that stayed constant during the war was his great desire to keep the Union together. Other viewpoints had to grow and progress just as Lincoln had to up until his death. Lincoln’s call for a strong Union was seen when looking through†¦show more content†¦Lincoln already had in his mind the idea that the spread of slavery needed to be stopped where it was, but it was not his ultimate goal to remove it from the nation. He needed the support of all in the Republica n Party to gain candidacy, and calling for a full scale removal of slavery was not the route to go. Later on his speech continued to beg for the unification of the nation. He asked that the Northerners to not submit to the demands of the South, at the same time he asked the Southerners to realize that they were going against their fore fathers’ wishes. In these last two sections of the Cooper Union address it is once again seen that Lincoln truly had a sense of nationalism before he was even considered to become the president. The deep respect and love he had for the fore fathers and America was unmatched. This was seen by the Republican Party and he was chosen over Senator William H. Seward of New York to become their presidential candidate, despite having â€Å"only one undistinguished congressional term under his belt† (Anonymous). Transitioning from his time giving the Cooper Union speech to giving the Gettysburg Address, Lincoln had already grown. His wishes to keep the Union from breaking up were dashed as he was inaugurated into the presidency. Now he had to face the ultimate question on how to fix what he had tried so hard to keep from breaking. Unbeknownst to either side, theShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln s The Battle Of Gettysburg984 Words   |  4 Pagesoffice, Abraham Lincoln faced an almost unsurmountable task. Not only did Lincoln try to eradicate the idea of a human owning another human, but he also had to keep unity among the country. With a civil war raging, and a divided country in anarchy, Lincoln did not have the odds in his favor. After the Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln took a step back to show everybody, through the Gettysburg Address, the doom that America will face if it were to continue down the path that it is heading. 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A while after Lincoln was invited to make a few remarks at a ceremony consecrating a new cemetery for the Union Soldiers. That

Analysis of Secure Real Time Transport Protocol on Voip over Free Essays

string(125) " experiments will receive two types of modes: i\) one-to-one call conversation; ii\) multi conference call \(many-to-many\)\." Mohd Nazri Ismail / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering Vol. 02, No. 03, 2010, 898-902 Analysis of Secure Real Time Transport Protocol on VoIP over Wireless LAN in Campus Environment Mohd Nazri Ismail Department of MIIT, University of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), MALAYSIA mnazrii@miit. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Secure Real Time Transport Protocol on Voip over or any similar topic only for you Order Now unikl. edu. my Abstract- In this research, we propose to implement Secure Real Time Transport Protocol (SRTP) on VoIP services in campus environment. Today, the deployment of VoIP in campus environment over wireless local area network (WLAN) is not considered on security during communication between two parties. Therefore, this study is to analyzed SRTP performance on different VoIP codec selection over wired. We have implemented a real VoIP network in University of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), Malaysia. We use softphone as our medium communication between two parties in campus environment. The results show that implementation of SRTP is able to improve the VoIP quality between one-to-one conversation and multi conference call (many-to-many). In our experiment, it shows that iLBC, SPEEX and GSM codec are able to improve significantly the multi conference (many-to-many) VoIP quality during conversation. In additional, implementation of SRTP on G. 711 and G. 726 codec will decrease the multi conference (many-to-many) VoIP quality. Keywords- Codecs, Softphone, SRTP, WLAN I. INTRODUCTION AND RELATED WORKS University of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL) has implemented a real VoIP over wireless LAN in campus environment. This implementation is not covered any security features. Therefore, the objective of this study is to enable the security function using Secure Real Time Transport Protocol (SRTP). We will study the performance of SRTP on different codec such as G. 711, G. 726, GSM, iLBC and SPEEX. iLBC is a speech codec developed for robust voice communication over IP, it uses 13. 33 Kbps. It provides low delay and high packet loss robustness for low-bit rate codec’s. SPEEX codec is open source patent-free audio compression format designed for speech. Codec is an algorithm used to encode and decode the voice conversation. Secure Real Time Transport Protocol (SRTP) defines a profile of Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP), intended to provide ncryption, message authentication and integrity and replay protection to the RTP data in both unicast and multicast applications. Previous work is to evaluate the trade-off existing between quality of service and security when SRTP [6] is employed to protect RTP (Real Time Protocol) sessions on VoIP calls [5]. There is no such study has been conducted on comparison of VoIP one-to-one call and multi conference call (many-to-many) perfo rmance using SRTP functionality. With its promise of inclusion, innovation, and growth, VoIP also brings challenges. VoIP is not easy to secure. It suffers all of the problems associated with any Internet application, and VoIP security is complicated by its interconnection to the PSTN. A host of trust, implementation, and operational complexities make securing VoIP particularly complex. In fact, the same aspects that make the VoIP software model so powerful—its flexible, open, distributed design—are what make it potentially problematic [7][8]. Various security requirements have to be met to secure VoIP transmission: Authentication, Privacy and Confidentiality, Integrity, Non repudiation, Non replay and Resource availability [9]. The threats faced by a VoIP are similar to other applications including: unwanted communication (spam), privacy violations (unlawful intercept), impersonation (masquerading), theft-of service, and denial-of-service [10]. II. METHODOLOGY We have setup a real wireless network environment to analyze and measure implementation of VoIP service using security function (SRTP) at University of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL) in Malaysia. This study posits several research questions: i) what is the STRP performance level of the VoIP over WLAN based on one-to-one call and multi conference call? nd ii) which codecs are able to provide better improvement of VoIP conversation? Figure 2. 1 and Figure 2. 2 show the flow of VoIP conversation call between one-to-one and multi conference. We measure our voice quality using human perception. Mean Opinion Score (MOS) technique is the best approach to measure and ISSN : 0975-3397 898 Mohd Nazri Ismail / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineer ing Vol. 02, No. 03, 2010, 898-902 validate voice quality between one-to-one call and multi conference call. Figure 2. 3 shows the measurement of VoIP performance over WLAN using SRTP implementation. We also test on different codecs selection such G. 711, G. 726, GSM, iLBC and SPEEX. III. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Figure 2. 1: VoIP over One-to-One Conversation This section measures and compares VoIP performance over WLAN using SRTP function. In voice and video communication, quality usually dictates whether the experience is a good or bad one. Besides the qualitative description we hear, like ‘quite good’ or ‘very bad’, there is a numerical method of expressing voice and video quality. It is called Mean Opinion Score (MOS). MOS can be tested using: i) human perception; ii) simulation model; and iii) automated system [1] [2]. MOS gives a numerical indication of the perceived quality of the media received after being transmitted and eventually compressed using codecs. MOS is expressed in one number, from 1 to 5, 1 being the worst and 5 the best. MOS is quite subjective; as it is based figures that result from what is perceived by people during tests (refer to Table 3. 1). We will select five different users to evaluate and rate the VoIP performance using SRTP and without SRTP functionality. When users cannot get a dial tone or there are excessive delays in ringing the other party’s phone, VoIP performance is unacceptable. Call quality is a function of packet loss rate, delay, and jitter is typically represented as a MOS [3], [4]. Table 3. 1: Mean Opinion Score (MOS) Ratings Mean Opinion Score (MOS) Ratings Excellent 5 (Perfect. Like face-to-face conversation Figure 2. 2: VoIP over Many-to-Many (Multi Conference) Conversation Good Fair Poor Bad or radio reception) 4 (Fair. Imperfections can be perceived, but sound still clear. This is (supposedly) the range for cell phones) 3 (Annoying) 2 (Very annoying. Nearly impossible to communicate) 1 (Impossible to communicate) Figure 3. shows the configuration of codec protocol such as G. 711, G. 726, GSM, iLBC and SPEEX. This 3CX softphone is able to active ‘Echo Cancellation’ and ‘SRTP’. The VoIP experiments will receive two types of modes: i) one-to-one call conversation; ii) multi conference call (many-to-many). You read "Analysis of Secure Real Time Transport Protocol on Voip over" in category "Essay examples" Figure 3. 2 shows the result of VoIP one-to-one conversation. Figure 3. 3 shows the result of VoIP multi conference (many-to-many) call. Figure 2. 3: Measurement and Evaluation of VoIP over WLAN using SRTP Approach ISSN : 0975-3397 899 Mohd Nazri Ismail / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering Vol. 2, No. 03, 2010, 898-902 improvement on VoIP quality performance and at the same time able to provide element of security (refer to Table 3. 3 and Figure 3. 5). The significant improvement is GSM and SPEEX codecs after implemented SRTP. Table 3. 2: Multi Conference without SRTP User Codec Figure 3. 1: 3CX Softphone Codec and SRTP Configuration G. 711 G. 726 GSM iLBC SPEEX User 1 3 4 1 2 5 User 2 3 3 1 2 4 User 3 2 3 1 3 4 User 4 3 4 1 2 4 User 5 2 4 1 2 5 Figure 3. 2: One-to-One Call Conversation Result Figure 3. 4: Users Rate VoIP for Multi Conference Call Without SRTP Table 3. : Multi Conference with SRTP User Codec G. 711 G. 726 GSM iLBC SPEEX Figure 3. 3: Multi Conference Call ( many-tomany) Conversation Result Most of the users agreed and rates this VoIP without SRTP will provide a good quality for G. 711 and G. 726 codecs. Other users agreed and rates 4 to 5 ratings for SPEEX codec without using SRTP during multi conference conversation (refer to Table 3. 2 and Figure 3. 4). After implemented SRTP on VoIP during multi conference session occurs, it shows some User 1 2 3 4 5 5 User 2 1 3 4 5 5 User 3 1 2 3 4 5 User 4 2 2 3 4 5 User 5 1 2 3 4 5 ISSN : 0975-3397 900 Mohd Nazri Ismail / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering Vol. 02, No. 03, 2010, 898-902 Table 3. 5: One-to-One Call with SRTP User Codec G. 711 G. 726 GSM iLBC SPEEX User 1 2 3 2 4 5 User 2 1 3 2 4 4 User 3 1 2 2 4 5 User 4 2 2 2 4 4 User 5 2 3 2 4 5 Figure 3. 5: Users Rate VoIP for Multi Conference Call With SRTP Most of the users agreed and rates this VoIP oneto-one call without SRTP will also provide low quality for G. 711, G. 726 and GSM codecs. Other users agreed and rates 3 and 5 ratings for iLBC and SPEEX codecs without using SRTP during one-to-one call (refer to Table 3. and Figure 3. 6). After implemented SRTP on VoIP during one-to-one session occurs, it shows significant improvement on VoIP quality performance for G. 711, G. 726, GSM, iLBC and SPEEX over WLAN (refer to Table 3. 5 and Figure 3. 7). Table 3. 4: One-to-One Call Without SRTP User Codec G. 711 G. 726 GSM iLBC SPEEX User 1 2 1 2 3 5 User 2 2 2 2 3 4 User 3 2 1 2 4 4 User 4 1 1 1 3 4 U ser 5 1 2 2 4 4 Figure 3. 7: Users Rate VoIP for One-to-One Call with SRTP Figure 3. 8 and Figure 3. 9 show the average MOS score for VoIP conversation over one-to-one call and multi conference call (many-to-many), respectively. VoIP Conversation over Multi Conference Call: Before implemented SRTP, the average MOS score for G. 711 is 2. 5, 3. 5 for G. 726, 1 for GSM, 2. 1 for iLBC and 4. 5 for SPEEX. After implemented SRTP, the average MOS score for G. 711 and G. 726 are decreased the ratings approximately 1 to 2. 5. GSM, iLBC and SPEEX codecs show the average MOS score are 3. 5, 4. 5 and 5. GSM, iLBC and SPEEX codec show the increasing of VoIP performance after implemented SRTP (refer to Figure 3. 8). VoIP Conversation over One-to-One Call: Before implemented SRTP, the average MOS score for G. 711 is 1. , 1. 4 for G. 726, 1. 8 for GSM, 3. 5 for iLBC and 4. 2 for SPEEX. After implemented SRTP, the average MOS score shows the significant improvement for G. 711, G. 726, GSM, iLBC and SPEEX codecs. Therefore, implementation of SRTP can improve the VoIP quality performance for one-to-one call over WLAN (refer to Figure 3. 9). Figure 3. 6: Users Rate VoIP for One-to-One Call without SRTP ISSN : 0975-3397 901 Mohd Nazri Ismail / (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering Vol. 02, No. 03, 2010, 898-902 dependency conditions that could influence voice quality. Future work, we will extend our experiment on VoIP over VPN implementation in Campus environment. References [1]. Moura N. T. ; Vianna B. A. ; Albuquergue C. V. N; Rebello V. E. F Boeres C. â€Å"MOS-Based Rate Adaption for VoIP Sources†. IEEE International Conference on Communication, pp. 628-633, 2007. [2]. Masuda M. Ori K. â€Å"Delay Variation Metrics for Speech Quality Estimation of VoIP†. Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEIC) Technical Report, Vol. 101(11), pp. 101-106, 2001. [3]. R. G. Cole J. H. Rosenbluth. â€Å"Voice over IP Performance Monitoring†. SIGCOMM Computer Communication Rev. Vol. 31(2), pp. 9-24, 2001. [4]. L. Ding R. Goubran. â€Å"Speech Quality Prediction in VoIP Using the Extended e-Model. Global Telecommunication Conference, GLOBECOM ’03. IEEE, Vol. 7, pp. 3974-3978, 2003. [5]. Alexandre P. ; Edjair M. ; Edjard M. â€Å"Analysis of the Secure RTP Protocol on Voice over Wireless Networks using Extended MedQoS†. Proceedings of the 2009 ACM symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 86 – 87, 2009. [6]. M. Baugher, D. McGrew, M. Naslund, E. Carrara, K. Norrman. â€Å"The Secure Real- Time Transport Protocol (SRTP)†. RFC 3711 (Proposed Standard), March 2004. [7] Douglas C. Sicker Tom L. VoIP Security: Not an Afterthought†, FEATURE: Q focus: Voice Over IP, Vol. 2(6), pp. 56-64, 2004. [8] Vesselin I. , Theodor T. , Amdt T. â€Å"Experiences in VoIP telephone network security policy at the University of Applied Sciences (FHTW) Berlin†, Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Computer systems and technologi es, Bulgaria, Vol. 285(3), 2007. [9] Wafaa B. D. , Samir T. , Carole B. â€Å"Critical vpn security analysis and new approach for securing voip communications over vpn networks†, Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on Wireless multimedia networking and performance modelling,Chania, Crete Island, Greece, pp. 2-96, 2007. [10] Nekita A. C. , Chhabria S. A. â€Å"Multiple design patterns for voice over IP security†, Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication and Control, Mumbai, India, pp. 530 – 534, 2009. Figure 3. 8: VoIP Conversation over Multi Conference Call over WLAN Figure 3. 9: VoIP Conversation over One-to-One Call over WLAN IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Based on the results, implementation of SRTP using GSM, iLBC and SPEEX codecs are able to generate high quality of VoIP conversation WLAN for one-to-one conversation and multi conference call (many-to-many). After implemented SRTP for multi conference call (many-to-many), the MOS result indicates that G. 711 and G. 726 codec will decrease the performance of VoIP conversation over WLAN. Overall of our finding, it confirms that enable SRTP will improve and increase the quality of one-to-one VoIP conversation and VoIP over multi conference call (only for iLBC, GSM and SPEEX codecs). Since the manual/human MOS tests are quite subjective and less than productive in many ways, there are nowadays a number of software tools that carry out automated MOS testing in a VoIP deployment. Although they lack the human touch, the good thing with these tests is that they take into account all the network ISSN : 0975-3397 902 Copyright of International Journal on Computer Science Engineering is the property of Engg Journals Publications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. How to cite Analysis of Secure Real Time Transport Protocol on Voip over, Essay examples

HND Marketing Principle Assessment

Question: Discuss about the HND Marketing Principle Assessment. Answer: Introduction In this study, the focus is on the marketing of the smart phones and how the companies who are in the manufacturing of smart phones deal with the competitive markets and industry. This study will give a brief description about the two companies that are the leading companies of smart phones: iPhone and Samsung. After analyzing and research on this study, the learners will learn and understand about the concepts and procedure of marketing that takes place in both of the companies (Wilkie, and Moore, 2003). In a business organization, there are many departments to manage the entire work o the marketing of the products and service. The revenues and sales of the company mainly dependent on the activities of marketing takes place in the company (Parasuraman, and Grewal, 2000). So, there is a need to develop a dynamic team for the marketing of the products to ensure the profitability and higher sales. Normally, the multinational companies spend and invest big amount of investment in the marketing activities for their products and services. The report represents the marketing strategy of those big companies like Samsung, iPhone, etc. and their marketing environment (Gummesson, 2005). The study is conducted by using various types of concepts of marketing, methods, approaches, position of the company, marketing mix, etc. there are various contexts for all the companies who are into the production of mobile phones. It becomes very important for companies to analyze the marketing condition before framing of plans and policies. The study will describe about the marketing mix that consist of 7 Ps of iPhone and Samsung. The 7 Ps of both the companies will introduce about the types of products manufactured by both and the difference between the products of both companies (Parasuraman, and Zinkhan, 2002). The distribution is also different of iPhone and Samsung. In this way, the place, price, promotion, physical evidence, people, etc will be mentioned. There are various types of additional elements in the marketing mix that directly or indirectly explain about these companies. The discussions will also be on the marketing orientation approach for the launch of new smart p hone in the market. The macro environment that is the internal and external environment for the smart phones companies will be analyzed. It is through the PESTLE and SWOT analysis that are required to be considered while framing the decisions for the marketing. This report will also conduct an analysis on the marketing segmentation, targeting and positioning for the new smart phone (Summers, 2001). In this part of the report, the discussion will take place on the marketing mix for the two companies that are Samsung and iPhone. In this, this part there is an in-depth discussions on the 4 Ps and well as the extended 7 Ps of marketing. iPhone Samsung Product Development of the products in a way that they can be sustained and compete in the markets and industry of smart phones To sustain the competitive advantage, the iPhone company is using the techniques of product differentiation. It refers to planning of the policies and the procedures that are related to the iPhones offered by the iPhone company. Generally, the decision for the products manufactured by apple are related to the functionality, quality, packaging, branding, after sales service. The product portfolio of Samsung is very vast. They use quantity to sustain in the competitive advantage. They have various types of product categories. The varieties of Samsung phone are available at every price. The biggest benefits for the Samsung are that the customers trust this brand (Gummesson, 2003). There is no such differentiation in any other smart phones and Samsung phones as the soft ware used in this company is very basic and android. The uniqueness is that this company phones are the most selling phones in the entire world due the availably of all the features of smart phones on reasonable rates. Place To provide customer convenience to the customers the companies use very effective and efficient procedures that are mentioned here The place plays a vital role in the distribution of the product. The products of apple are available of the authentic stores and apple stores like imagine. The online purchase of apple products takes place on Snapdeal, Flipkart and Amazon. There are more 500 apple stores in the entire world (Castaldo, Premazzi, and Zerbini, 2010). The distribution of this company is little bit restricted as the smart phones of apple are not available at any store. The company has some restrictions in the distribution of the phones. They have apple store for the customers who have any problems and issue with the phone. The same distribution takes place in Samsung company. The stores and outlets of Samsung phone are amazing and they are also sold at authentic retailer sellers. The phones of Samsung are also available online on many online website like Amazon, Flipkart, Snapdeal, paytm, etc. The phones of Samsung are made available in the market and the service centers are also there to solve the problems of customers (Parasuraman, and Colby, 2007). Price The prices are set to attract a large group of customers and the prices are set to reflect an organisations objectives and market conditions for both the companies The phones of iPhone do not compromise with their price due to any reason. They do not change the price due to the competition and for any other reasons (Phelps et.al. 2004). The price of iPhone smart phones does not go down due to old model. It is a premium seller and this company does not have any compromise with the products and its prices. The price of this phone is determined by the differentiation, uniqueness, and the features. It is a company that o not believes in the competition with any other company of smart phone in terms of process. Thus the strategies of for the pricing their products are as an inspirational item. The smart phones of apple are the most expensive phones. There is no company that can compete with the prices of this brand. It helps the company in maintaining the brand image and the royalty. There are various types of strategies used by this company. They use various methods of pricing like skimming method in which the high value is transferred to the customers as compared to competitors. The pricing strategy of this company is that once the model is old and any competitor launched the same product, than they drop the price (Balmer, and Greyser, 2006). The company Samsung is just opposite from the apple company because the pricing strategy of this company is to attract more customers through reasonable prices of their smart phones. Promotion Promotional activity is integrated to achieve marketing objectives Apple is known as a major marketer for its product and services. There are various ways through which the marketing and promotion of apple products takes place that is through events, press, developers, etc. who sell and promote the products of apple live. They use very easy and effective methods in the advertisement of their products and services. The YouTube of apple has more than 3 million subscribers and it has more than 140 millions views on the video. The last video of apple has more than 1 million views. They try to maintain good relations with their experts who help in publishing of the newspapers and magazines and also review them (Rafiq, and Ahmed, 2000). There are multiple types of promotion used by Samsung. It is a company that attracts the customers through advertisement and pricing strategy. They use strong tactics to push the product into the market. It provides many offers, discount, gifts, etc. to the customers. People The additional elements of the extended marketing mix Apple is famous for its operations, unction and process. This company has many factories that work in a very systematic way to produce all the products and services. They are also famous for the kind of simplicity they follow in their company. It can be easily visible and ultimate sophistication from the website and YouTube videos. If anyone wants to see their process of GUI than the websites architecture can help them to find the same. They try to be very helpful and provide good customer service to their customers (Kay, 2006). The motive of the company Samsung is to satisfy the demand of every people so they manufacture the smart phones in a way that they are reasonable and affordable by all. This is one of the unique elements in the Samsung phones. The kinds of people they hire in their company are very efficient and work with the dedication. The process of manufacturing is available on YouTube. They have a systematic flow of the wok and it s also a very simple company that believes in simplicity. The try to follow a particular tradition t manufacture their smart phones and this is the reason due to which the company is enjoying the position of a leading company. Physical Evidence As discussed in the above description, the apple stores are way better than any other smart phones store. This company has wonderful apple store that has a class and provides the customers a delight while visiting the stores of apple. The website of this company is very smooth and designed in a way that it attracts the customers and appeal to it premium and permanent customers with less of words and more art. The type of services provided by this company is very premium as they are professional and know how to deal their customers across the world. The other extended marketing mix are the dress code, paper work, etc. There are many additional services provided by the Samsung to their customers. They also provide Process Apple is company that is very much known fro their operation and procedures. The company has a very systematic Samsung use effective way to manufacture their products and they have a systematic way to work in the organization (Spurling et.al. 2010.). Marketing proposal Sonic is a new company that was initiated in the 2015. It is just an 18 months old company. The company is trying to launch new smart phones in the market. So it requires various types of marketing techniques to establish a reputed place in the smart phones industry. It is knows as sonic 1000. The market segmentation for these products is very specific as the phones of this company are not very famous (Knight, Madsen, and Servais, 2004). The aim of this company is to target the current telecommunication and smart phone market in which the demand for mart phones is very high and it is increasing with the time. There s a need n the expanded communication, storage facilities, entertainments, etc. the primary marketing objective of this company is to achieve a big amount of sale that is 500000 units in the first year of their launch. So the companys primary objective is to have revenue of up to $ 75 million in its first year of launch. The company is also trying to maintain its loss less than $ 8 million in the first year. In this way, the company is planning to go herd. In the second year, the sonic company is hoping to have revenues more than the last year and to become the records also (Stenbacka, 2001). The current marketing situation The current marketing situation of sonic market share is made due to the customers who prefer to purchase the smart phones of sonic company. They chose to use this device that has entertainment, information storage, telecommunications exchange, etc. to ease the data to day activities of the customers (Vachon, and Klassen, 2006). So the aim of the company and they are looking forward to the needs and demands of the customers. They are trying to put all the features in one phone so that the customers can enjoy using sonic smart phones. They can carry a phone that has all the features that are found in any expensive smart phone. They want that customer do not have to carry different devices with them. The aim is to put all the relevant apps and software in one phone which is smart enough. For such reason, the target of sonic are the business organization, corporations, entrepreneurs, professionals, students, medical users, etc. they are also targeting the house wives a there are special features for the women in the phone (Varadarajan, and Yadav, 2002). Marketing planning process The planning for the marketing of sonic products takes place by using various sources. They are using many types of platforms in the advertising and marketing of the sonic smart phones. They are using brand positioning techniques. In this the sonic company is trying to differentiate the products by positioning sonic as the most convenient, versatile and value added product for both; personal and professional (Creswell, 2013). They are using various types of product development strategy like the sonic 1000 will be sold with a warty of one year. There will be free insurance for the phones. They are also saying that at the end of they launched a better high end model in the market that will be known as sonic 2000. They are also using the logos and brand of sonic to promote and to make the sonic brand familiar with the customers (Zahra, Ireland,and Hitt, 2000). Argue marketing oriented approach for the smart phone product Macro i.e., external (PESTLE) Political Environmental Social Technological Legal Economic Government rules Regulation stability Rules and regulation related to environment Government interventions Culture Trend Change in technology Updated technology Laws Legal obligations Changes in the countrys economy Currency value Strengths The company sonic has an advantage to be innovative and creative for the beginning of its launch as they offer as large number of features on a single gadget. They also provide many types of securities as they run on a Linux operating system. The operating system of sonic 1000 is also priced model than many other models (McDougall, and Oviatt, 2000). The company has an advantage to get benefits of a new venture as it is new company. There are many types of remedies and subsidiaries provided by the government to such kind of companies. Sonic smart phones have a quality that it has all the features that expensive companies smart hone have. In this way, a sonic smart phone has the caliber to capture a big market share in future. The strength of this company is the innovation and creativity used by this company (Li, and Gima, 2001). Weaknesses The major weakness of this company is that sonic 1000 is lacking of brand awareness. The brand promotion and advertisement of this company are not very effective and efficient. They do not have any prominent marketing strategies to promote their products (Shane, and Venkataraman, 2000). Since the company is new to the market, they have to lots of competition due to the poor marketing and branding of the smart phones. The other weakness of this phone is the physical appearance and physical appearance. The appearance of the phone is slightly thicker as compared to the other smart phones (Oviatt, and McDougall, 2005). The weight of the phones is also heavy due to the combination of all the features its phones have. It is the reason due to which company is facing many issues and problems. The fact is that the customers now want a sleek and light weighted phone that looks ice and decent. It is very heavy as compared to other brands phones that are slimmer and lighter with great looks. It is one of the biggest weaknesses of the smart phones manufactured by sonic (Li, and Zhang, 2007). Opportunities The biggest opportunity of this company is that the smart phones of sonic are in high demand since they come to the market as the phones have many functions. The other opportunity with sonic is that this company has the availability of the cost effective technology that is available at lower cost (Gruber, 2004). The smart phones are very reasonable and can be affordable by a medium class people. It has allowed the company to add value to the smart phones by increasing the profits of the company. Threats The major threat for sonic smart phones is the competition. There are many Smartphone producers in the mobile industry due to which the new companies have to face competition. The old companies are established with effective marketing and branding of their products in such situations, it has become difficult for the smart phone companies to establish their business. The market is flooded with the smart phone companies due to which sonic company have to face issues with the pricing of it products (Dess, and Lumpkin, 2005). Sonic company has to reduce the prices to the pricing of other smart phones. It is the only way to cut down the competition present in the mobile industry. Another fact for sonic smart phone company is the minimal product life cycle of the smart phones. This is the reason due to which the company has to add new features, bring innovation and creativity timely. The segmentation for the population of product of sonic are very common there are no specific difference as the company is new to the market and they first have to establish awareness of the smart phones manufactured by them (Stevenson, and Jarillo, 2007). In this way, they can divide their broad customers base into small segments which helps in targeting and brand positioning of sonic products. Behavior segmentation- this type of division divide the population according to the behavior of the customers Benefit segmentation- this type of segmentation is the most fruitful for the companies as it provided various types of benefits to the company itself. Demographic segmentation- it refers to the segmentation in which is the widest segmentation for the company. It refers to age, gender, family, size, occupation, income, race, nationality, etc. Psychographic segmentation- it is related to the lifestyle, activities, interests, opinions, etc of the market segment. Targeting and positioning For the positioning of the brand, sonic used differentiation in their products as it is one of the convenient way to specify the product. It also helps in developing high vale, versatility and convenience to both the customers as well as producers. The brand positioning takes place by analyzing the demands of the customers and try to fulfill them in the bet way. Marketing mix in different concepts 7 Ps for both customers and business markets Product strategy- The product strategy of this company is that they sold sonic 1000 at a warranty of one year. They are using various types of product development strategy like the sonic 1000 will be sold with a warty of one year. There will be free insurance for the phones. They are also saying that at the end of they launched a better high end model in the market that will be known as sonic 2000. They are also using the logos and brand of sonic to promote and to make the sonic brand familiar with the customers. Pricing strategy- The pricing strategy of this phone is very effective as they use basic pricing methods for the sonic smart phones. The sonic 1000 will be introduced at the price of $ 150 that is the whole sale price of the hone. The retail price for the same phone is $ 199. But at the time of launch the pricing of the sonic 1000 was $ 175 wholesale for per unit. Place- Sonic Company intends to use very selective and particular distribution strategy in their company. The strategy of the company is to distribute the phones only at well known, reputed and online stores. The motive behind this is to manage the value of the phone in the eyes of customers. It will help the company to use particular media to reach to their customers People- The motive of the company sonic are to satisfy the demands of every people due to this they manufacture the smart phones in a way that they are reasonable and affordable by all. This is one of the unique elements in the sonic phones. The kinds of people they hire in their company are very efficient and work with the dedication. They have a systematic flow of the wok and it s also a very simple company that believes in simplicity (Shepherd, Douglas, and Shanley, 2000). Physical evidence- The Company has much evidence like they have data, information, dress code, customers feedbacks, etc as the physical evidence. Process- The type of procedure used by this company is very much effective. Application of marketing mix while new product launched in international markets At the time of launch of the product of sonic phones the company analyzed its various internal and external factors ha can emphasize the product. There is an analysis of all the 4 Ps of the company as well as the extended 7 Ps of sonic company. It has helped the company is identifying the success of the company in the future (Castaldo, Premazzi, and Zerbini, 2010). Conclusion The conclusion of the present study is that marketing of the smart phones has become very important due to the fact that there is a huge competition in the smart phones industry. There are not only multinational companies who are manufacturing smart phones but also many small companies how provide equal competition. In order to remain in the race of smart phones, the company le apple also has to develop strong marketing and advertisement of their company. In this report, we have studied various factors that impact the organizations internal and external environment. In his way there were also discussions on the smart phones like apple and Samsung that are the leading companies in the smart phone. From this study it becomes very clear that marketing management plays a vital role in the promotion of the companies. The companies have to maintain a good marketing strategy in their organization. It can be done through analysis of mart and marketing factors that influence the working of th e companies. We have studies about the marketing mix of apple and Samsung from which an in-depth about the companies has received. From this report, it becomes clear that it is not easy for a new company to start their business in such competitive environment for the smart phone industry. Hence, there is a requirement to identify and analyze the environment of smart phone industry. The smart phone industry in very much competitive as the phones and their features are very similar to each other so they have to maintain differentiation and uniqueness. There is a huge amount of competition present in the smart phone industry. References Balmer, J.M. and Greyser, S.A., 2006. Corporate marketing: Integrating corporate identity, corporate branding, corporate communications, corporate image and corporate reputation. European journal of marketing, 40(7/8), pp.730-741. Castaldo, S., Premazzi, K. and Zerbini, F., 2010. The meaning (s) of trust. A content analysis on the diverse conceptualizations of trust in scholarly research on business relationships. Journal of Business Ethics, 96(4), pp.657-668. Creswell, J.W., 2013. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Dess, G.G. and Lumpkin, G.T., 2005. The role of entrepreneurial orientation in stimulating effective corporate entrepreneurship. The Academy of Management Executive, 19(1), pp.147-156. Gruber, M., 2004. Marketing in new ventures: theory and empirical evidence. Gummesson, E., 2003. All research is interpretive!. Journal of business industrial marketing, 18(6/7), pp.482-492. Gummesson, E., 2005. Qualitative research in marketing: Road-map for a wilderness of complexityand unpredictability. European journal of marketing, 39(3/4), pp.309-327. Kay, M.J., 2006. Strong brands and corporate brands. European Journal of Marketing, 40(7/8), pp.742-760. Knight, G., Koed Madsen, T. and Servais, P., 2004. An inquiry into born-global firms in Europe and the USA. International Marketing Review, 21(6), pp.645-665. Li, H. and Atuahene-Gima, K., 2001. Product innovation strategy and the performance of new technology ventures in China. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), pp.1123-1134. Li, H. and Zhang, Y., 2007. The role of managers' political networking and functional experience in new venture performance: Evidence from China's transition economy. Strategic Management Journal, 28(8), pp.791-804. McDougall, P.P. and Oviatt, B.M., 2000. International entrepreneurship: the intersection of two research paths. Academy of management Journal, 43(5), pp.902-906. Oviatt, B.M. and McDougall, P.P., 2005. Defining international entrepreneurship and modeling the speed of internationalization. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 29(5), pp.537-554. Parasuraman, A. and Colby, C.L., 2007. Techno-ready marketing: How and why your customers adopt technology. The Free Press. Parasuraman, A. and Grewal, D., 2000. The impact of technology on the quality-value-loyalty chain: a research agenda. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 28(1), pp.168-174. Parasuraman, A. and Zinkhan, G.M., 2002. Marketing to and serving customers through the Internet: An overview and research agenda. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(4), pp.286-295. Phelps, J.E., Lewis, R., Mobilio, L., Perry, D. and Raman, N., 2004. Viral marketing or electronic word-of-mouth advertising: Examining consumer responses and motivations to pass along email. Journal of advertising research, 44(4), pp.333-348. Rafiq, M. and Ahmed, P.K., 2000. Advances in the internal marketing concept: definition, synthesis and extension. Journal of services marketing, 14(6), pp.449-462. Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S., 2000. The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of management review, 25(1), pp.217-226. Shepherd, D.A., Douglas, E.J. and Shanley, M., 2000. New venture survival: Ignorance, external shocks, and risk reduction strategies. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5), pp.393-410. Spurling, G.K., Mansfield, P.R., Montgomery, B.D., Lexchin, J., Doust, J., Othman, N. and Vitry, A.I., 2010. Information from pharmaceutical companies and the quality, quantity, and cost of physicians' prescribing: a systematic review. PLoS Med, 7(10), p.e1000352. Stenbacka, C., 2001. Qualitative research requires quality concepts of its own. Management decision, 39(7), pp.551-556. Stevenson, H.H. and Jarillo, J.C., 2007. A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management. In Entrepreneurship (pp. 155-170). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Summers, J.O., 2001. Guidelines for conducting research and publishing in marketing: From conceptualization through the review process. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 29(4), pp.405-415. Vachon, S. and Klassen, R.D., 2006. Extending green practices across the supply chain: the impact of upstream and downstream integration. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 26(7), pp.795-821. Varadarajan, P.R. and Yadav, M.S., 2002. Marketing strategy and the internet: an organizing framework. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(4), pp.296-312. Wilkie, W.L. and Moore, E.S., 2003. Scholarly research in marketing: Exploring the 4 eras of thought development. Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 22(2), pp.116-146. Zahra, S.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hitt, M.A., 2000. International expansion by new venture firms: International diversity, mode of market entry, technological learning, and performance. Academy of Management journal, 43(5), pp.925-950.

The Time To Choose Is Now free essay sample

# 8230 ; Essay, Research Paper A fatigued traveller approaches a glade in a wood where a disguised adult female stands. # 8220 ; Where am I? # 8221 ; he asks. Silence. The adult female, alternatively, counters with a inquiry of her ain. # 8220 ; I greet you at the Crossroads of Time, my friend. Or is it foe? Would you like to experience my love or to experience my wrath? It is but your choice. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; I # 8212 ; make non cognize you, but # 8212 ; # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Answer right! # 8221 ; # 8220 ; I hope to be a friend, although # 8212 ; # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Then you shall larn much, # 8221 ; she interrupted. Out of her cloak emerged a slim, delicate manus, gesticulating upwards as if keeping a delicate object. An image projected out of that ghost-like thenar, demoing three waies. Although muffled, the figure spoke: # 8220 ; Three waies lie in the journey of life # 8230 ; three really different paths. # 8221 ; The gloss focused on the left-hand transition. # 8220 ; To the left you see a waste land where merely the Devil dares to dwell. We will write a custom essay sample on The Time To Choose Is Now or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8221 ; As she spoke, a column of white fire erupted from the dead Earth. # 8220 ; The class on the right shows an ageless Eden filled with olympian phenomena raising vitamin D merely by the holy God.† Multi-colored animals glide through the clear sky. She paused, gazing at the in-between way. Filled with unsure fright, she tightened her regard upon the projection. Finally, the adult female spoke. # 8220 ; Towards the in-between lies a way, cloaked with intangible woods, where merely the bravest enter. # 8221 ; She stared straight into the alien # 8217 ; s eyes before go oning. # 8220 ; Those who go in neer come out. # 8221 ; The adult female tilted her caput somewhat, leting a little shaft of visible radiation to perforate the at hand darkness. Looking to read his head, she repeated the inquiry he mentally asked. # 8220 ; Why? Because of an indestructible danger? Or of a pleasance so great that it gives no leave. That is for you, vagabond, to happen out. # 8221 ; The cryptic figure held his eyes and began one time more, # 8220 ; Now I ask you, alien. Which way would be yours? # 8221 ; At those last words her dark gloss disappeared go forthing the awestruck adult male standing in forepart of three transitions. He shivered and glanced at the adult female, happening that she was gone and simply hearing her grim voice. # 8220 ; Which way would be yours? # 8221 ; the forest echoed.

Free Essays on Scarlet Letter (guilt As A Theme)

Scarlet Letter Essay Guilt in The Scarlet Letter In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter guilt and its effects are a constant theme. The story is based on the results of guilt as an effect of sin. The first character who is exposed to this guilt is Hester, who struggles more openly with this problem. On the other hand the Reverend Dimmesdale suffers alone with a searing guilt which ultimately leads to his demise. Hester is the most immediately affected by guilt, which is openly shown to the public by the scarlet letter, that she bears on her clothing. Another visible sign of her guilt is the embodiment of it in Pearl, who is the direct result of Hester’s sin and is therefore a constant reminder of guilt for both Hester and Dimmesdale. Pearl is also always doing something to further her mother’s guilt. The first thing she recognizes in the world is the scarlet letter, she often throws things at the letter, and she even makes one for herself out of seaweed. Hawthorne even shows her as an A herself Hester make her a beautiful red dress that is vaguely shaped like an A, and the townspeople see her as a little scarlet letter walking along side of Hester. Guilt leads to leads to Hester’s isolation mentally, and through the law and banishment to the peninsula she becomes isolated from society. Hester is constantly reminded of her guilt the most obvious example is when s he travels to the governors mansion, and the description of her image as she looks into a breastplate of a suit of armor, â€Å"the peculiar effect of this convex mirror, the scarlet letter was represented in exaggerated and gigantic proportions, so as to be greatly the most prominent feature of her appearance. In truth, she seemed absolutely hidden behind it†(72). The reflection of the scarlet letter is made to look larger than life, just like society blows it out of proportion in the beginning of the novel. This occurs during a time when ... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter (guilt As A Theme) Free Essays on Scarlet Letter (guilt As A Theme) Scarlet Letter Essay Guilt in The Scarlet Letter In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter guilt and its effects are a constant theme. The story is based on the results of guilt as an effect of sin. The first character who is exposed to this guilt is Hester, who struggles more openly with this problem. On the other hand the Reverend Dimmesdale suffers alone with a searing guilt which ultimately leads to his demise. Hester is the most immediately affected by guilt, which is openly shown to the public by the scarlet letter, that she bears on her clothing. Another visible sign of her guilt is the embodiment of it in Pearl, who is the direct result of Hester’s sin and is therefore a constant reminder of guilt for both Hester and Dimmesdale. Pearl is also always doing something to further her mother’s guilt. The first thing she recognizes in the world is the scarlet letter, she often throws things at the letter, and she even makes one for herself out of seaweed. Hawthorne even shows her as an A herself Hester make her a beautiful red dress that is vaguely shaped like an A, and the townspeople see her as a little scarlet letter walking along side of Hester. Guilt leads to leads to Hester’s isolation mentally, and through the law and banishment to the peninsula she becomes isolated from society. Hester is constantly reminded of her guilt the most obvious example is when s he travels to the governors mansion, and the description of her image as she looks into a breastplate of a suit of armor, â€Å"the peculiar effect of this convex mirror, the scarlet letter was represented in exaggerated and gigantic proportions, so as to be greatly the most prominent feature of her appearance. In truth, she seemed absolutely hidden behind it†(72). The reflection of the scarlet letter is made to look larger than life, just like society blows it out of proportion in the beginning of the novel. This occurs during a time when ...

Colored Fire Spray Bottles

Colored Fire Spray Bottles In the pilot episode of Breaking Bad, chemistry teacher Walt White performs a demonstration in which he changes the color of a bunsen burner flame by spraying the flame with chemicals. You can perform the colored fire demonstration yourself. All you need are some common chemicals, alcohol, and spray bottles. Here is a list of metal salts you can use to (safely) color fire. The chemicals have low toxicity and any smoke produced wont be any better/worse for you than normal wood smoke: Colored Fire Chemicals Heres a list of common chemicals and the colors of flames they produce: Dark red lithium chlorideRed strontium chloride (found in emergency flares)Orange calcium chloride (a bleaching powder)Yellow sodium chloride (table salt) or sodium carbonateYellowish green borax (sodium borate, a common insecticide and cleaning agent)Green copper sulfate (found in some pool and aquarium chemicals)Blue copper chloride (lab chemical, but other copper compounds found in algicides and fungicides may work)Violet 3 parts potassium sulfate, 1 part potassium nitrate (saltpeter)Purple potassium chloride (sometimes sold as a salt substitute)White magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts) Prepare the Flame Colorants If you were just coloring a campfire or other wood fire, you could simply sprinkle the dry metal salts onto the fire. Copper chloride is especially nice for this since the sodium that is naturally present in wood causes this chemical to produce a mix of blue, green, and yellow flames. However, for the gas flame in a burner, you need the salts dissolved in a flammable liquid. The obvious choice here is alcohol. Common alcohols found around the home could include rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) or ethanol (e.g., in vodka). In some cases, the metal salts will first need to be dissolved in a small volume of water and then mixed with alcohol so that they can be spray onto a flame. Some salts may not dissolve, so what you can do is grind them into a fine powder and suspend them in liquid. Do not spray alcohol or any flammable chemical across a flame toward people! Safety Information While the colorants used in this demonstration are generally safe, this project involves flammable materials and flames. There is an innate risk of burns and uncontrolled fire. Be sure to have a working fire extinguisher handy, wear appropriate safety gear, and maintain a safe distance between the demonstration and the demonstrator/audience. Flames involving alcohol may be extinguished with water, by suffocation, or with any fire extinguisher. The demonstrator is advised to wear low-flammability clothing (typically natural fibers) rather than flammable synthetic clothing. A little preparation makes for a safe and memorable demonstration that will raise interest in chemistry! Disclaimer: Please be advised that the content provided by our website is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Fireworks and the chemicals contained within them are dangerous and should always be handled with care and used with common sense. By using this website you acknowledge that ThoughtCo., its parent About, Inc. (a/k/a Dotdash), and IAC/InterActive Corp. shall have no liability for any damages, injuries, or other legal matters caused by your use of fireworks or the knowledge or application of the information on this website. The providers of this content specifically do not condone using fireworks for disruptive, unsafe, illegal, or destructive purposes. You are responsible for following all applicable laws before using or applying the information provided on this website.

In what way is Capacity (supply) Constrained Assignment

In what way is Capacity (supply) Constrained - Assignment Example This may be due to the capacity (supply) constraint. Capacity constraint can be described as the limiting factor towards achieving the overall organizational objectives. Capacity constraints in cases of travel and tour agencies can be understood from various perspectives, which include but not limited to geographic, legal, political, financial, technology, and communication barriers (Kenny & Fyfe 2005, P. 136). HANATOUR is facing more than the above-mentioned capacity constraints considering that it is yet to take advantage of global presence. In other words, HANA TOUR is not in position to serve all its customers especially potential clients owing to financial, geographical, technological, political, legal, and human resources limitation. Geographical limitation is evident in the fact that HANATOUR does not enjoy full global presence. HANATOUR is currently operating in approximate 28 countries around the globe. This means that physical limitation, which includes water bodies and geo graphical disparities that calls for massive investment in transportation and establishing offices abroad is a major supply constraint to the company. HANATOUR is not in a position to provide its vital services to the potential customers located in distant areas where the company has not established its branches. Financial limitation is another major capacity constraint affecting HANATOUR. ... Limited human resource personnel is another limiting factor to HANATOUR. The company is expanding gradually and as such, it has not reached a point of employing a large group of personnel to serve additional branches in different location. Now the available personnel is not in a position to serve the ever bulging demand for the tours and travel services. Legal issues form another significant constraint. A number of legislations and regulations govern a number of operations of HANATOUR. This means that non-compliance translates to supply constraint. For instance, the company cannot carryout inbound travel and tour services for a foreign client if the client in question does not have requisite travel documents to South Korea. Communication barrier is at times a limiting factor towards serving the needs of the client. The world is certainly a diversified place with respect to language differences as people for different places speak and understand different languages. HANATOUR may at ti mes find it difficult to serve certain class of clients especially those that are speaking unique languages. Political issues such as riots, political instability, and strikes may at times limit the operations of HANATOUR. This is because tours and travel services highly depend on a calm political environment and as such, any interference on the political environment is no doubt a limiting factor towards achieving organization goal. HANATOUR is yet to adopt various IT systems related to travel and tours services (About company, 2012). Lack of appropriate It system has been a major limiting factor to the company preventing it from meeting the demands of their customers adequately. It is obvious that there exists a

Is ethical Business Good or Bad for Business Essay

Is ethical Business Good or Bad for Business - Essay Example The researcher states that as recently as about a decade ago, most firms perceived business ethics in terms of compliance with the legal standards as well as their adherence to the internal regulations and rules only. In the present day business world, this situation has changed greatly. Attention to the business ethics has increased throughout the globe and many organizations have realized that they must earn their customers confidence and respect for them to attain remarkable success. Corporations like never before, are being encouraged, asked, as well as prodded towards improvement of their business practices in emphasizing ethical and legal behavior. Corporations, individuals, and professional firms are increasingly being held accountable for their operations, as business witness growth in demand for higher corporate social responsibility standards. Workplace ethics have been a very hot topic in the current business studies. In the American workers’ eyes, the market downtu rn can certainly be attributed to deceit and greed. However, there are some other additional factors for the growing discussion concerning ethical practices in the workplace and they include the executives conduct regarding pay: throughout multiple firms, there exist inequalities in pay from the individuals at the highest organisational levels to those below them. The discrepancy is frequently linked to custom and entitlement but not to performance. Second is the awareness of potential of falling off the slippery slope, whereby individuals have witnessed many people falling off from their levels. Third is the behavior of sports and academic heroes, particularly the recent Syracuse and Penn State Universities’ scandals, which surpass football fields to leadership at various levels in both institutions. Finally is an unpinning of the way individuals treat each other. Current political game has rhetoric of blames making individuals assume that the society only cares about winnin g with civility being ruled out of winning (Lattal, 2012, p. 22). Answering the question whether ethical behavior is good or bad for business organizations is not an easy task. Unquestionably, ethical conduct makes a good sense of business. However, just as with all the other business studies’ issues, there exist two sides to this argument and this could be highlighted in the advantages and disadvantages of ethical business. Some of the benefits of ethical business include improvement in business and brand recognition and awareness, higher revenues- due to the demand from the positive consumer support, new financial sources such as from ethical investors, and better motivation and recruitment of employees. Arguments against ethical business present such disadvantages as higher costs like sourcing from the fair-trade suppliers instead of lowest prices, dangers of creating false expectations, and higher overheads such as communication and training of ethical policies. These arg uments form the basis of this paper. Focus is on establishing whether ethical business is good or bad for business entities and this shall be given from the literature review findings from which the writer shall draw strong points to support ethical business conduct/operations. Thus, this paper wishes to present ethical business conduct as being good for businesses. Literature Review Business ethics is one of the specialized ethics’ branches that focus on the application of moral standards to business behavior and organizations (Velasques, 1998). Being as such, business ethics cannot be comprehended separately from general ethics ideas and the common ethical theories as well applying to the business ethics (Fritzsche & Becker, 1984; Hunt & Vitell, 1986; Lahdesnati, 2005; Schumann, 2001). The normative ethical theory present varied moral theories, which independently prescribe set of the moral rules, which individual

Coperate Gorvernance Essay Example for Free

Coperate Gorvernance Essay Executive summary: Cadbury Report (1992) stated that â€Å"corporate governance is the process by which companies and directed and controlled† (cited in Tricker, 2009). In other words, it helps the corporate entities increase the value provided to the organisation’s various stakeholders. Therefore, appropriate corporate governance plays a very important role in development of organisations. This  review will define corporate governance and some of its concepts (through the paper). Following, the review will give a Memorandum or a general introduction about Nufarm, which is a publicly listed company and then consider the structure, process and effectiveness of its governance. Besides, the paper will mention about areas such as the composition and responsibilities of the Nufarm Board of Directors, and disclose policies, codes of conduct adopted by the company, which are relevant to the company’s governance scopes. Finally, from information and analyses, there are some recommendations for the Nufarm to achieve appropriate improvements. For example, the company’s governance should recognise and adhere to all relevant laws and regulations and meets high standards with respect to honesty and integrity. In addition, the company should have open and effective communications with its shareholders and the general investment community. Furthermore, the company should have effective methods to review drivers of governance, etc. Table of contents Contents I.Introduction3 II.What is corporate governance?3 III.General introduction about Nufarm, information of the company (Memorandum)3 IV.The Structure, process and effectiveness of the Nufarm’s governance4 The Scope of the company’s Corporate Governance influences the company’s codes:7 V.Recommendations8 VI.References10 I. Introduction Recently, the appearance of high-profile corporate failures, scandals and executive corruption arises the requirement for organisations to follow appropriate corporate governance structures, processes standards and practices. The aim of this paper is to investigate the structure, process and  effectiveness of the governance of Nufarm, a publicly listed company and give recommendations for it to achieve appropriate improvements. II. What is corporate governance? Cadbury report (1992) and OECD (1999) defined that ‘corporate governance is the process by which company are directed and controlled’.  Monks Minow (2001) suggested that ‘corporate governance is the relationship among various participants in determining the direction and performance of corporations. The primary participants are the shareholders, the management and the board of directors’. OECD (2001) supposed that ‘corporate governance refers to the private and public institutions, including laws, regulations and accepted business practices, which together govern the relationship, in a market economy, between corporate managers and entrepreneurs, on the one hand, and those who invest resources in corporations, on the other III. General introduction about Nufarm, information of the company (Memorandum) Nufarm Limited is a publicly listed company, one of the world’s leading crop protection companies (Nufarm’s website, 2012). The company manufactures products to help farmers protect their crops against damage caused by weeds, pests and disease. Its manufacturing and marketing spread throughout Australia, New Zealand, Asia, The Americas and Europe and sells products in more than 100 countries around the world. According to the Nufarm’s website (2012), the company employs more than 2,600 people around the places having its manufacturing and marketing operations, all of whom make a vital contribution to the companys reputation for quality products, innovation and first class marketing and technical support. Proudly based in Australia, Nufarm is listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (with symbol NUF). Its head office is located at Laverton in Melbourne, Australia. Table1: the information contained in the company details table (ASX website, 2012) IV. The Structure, process and effectiveness of the Nufarm’s governance The company’s board structure contains Chairman (Donald Gordon McGauchie), Managing Director/CEO (Doug Rathbone), and five Non Executive Directors who are Anne Bernadette Brennan, Gordon Richard Davis, Bruce Goodfellow, Gary Hounsell, Peter Margin (Nufarm’s website, 2012). According to the company’s website (2012), the Board is the governing body of the Company. The Board is responsible for the oversight of the Company. It is responsible to ensure that the business of the Company is carried out in the best interests of all shareholders and with proper regard to the interests of all other stakeholders. Specifically, the Board has responsibility to protect and enhance the value of the assets of the Company, set strategies and directions and monitor and review those strategic objectives, review and ratify internal controls, codes of conduct and legal compliance, review the Company’s accounts, approve and review the one year operating budget and five year strategic plan for the Company, appoint the Managing Director, evaluate performance and determine the remuneration of the Managing Director and senior executives, ensure the significant risks facing the Company have been identified and adequate control monitoring and reporting mechanisms are in place, approve transactions relating to acquisitions, divestments and capital expenditure above authority limits delegated to management, approve financial and dividend policy, appoint the Company Secretary, ratify the appointment of the Chief Financial Officer (Nufarm’s website, 2012). The managing Director is delegated to be responsible for the day-to-day leadership and management of the Company. To assist the Board to discharge its responsibilities and duties, the Board has delegated to the Managing Director specific authorities which are subject to appropriate reporting and monitoring procedures. For example: * Shareholder values / corporate strategy: the Managing Director formulates and brings to the Board for review and approval, an appropriate long term strategy for the Nufarm Group  and appropriate financial standards and policies. The strategy is reviewed by the Board at its annual strategic planning review and any changes in financial standards are reviewed by the Audit Committee. * Organisation Planning: the Managing Director formulates an appropriate human resources policy which is reviewed by the Board annually. * Capital Allocation: The Managing Director approves capital expenditure within limits set by the Board. All approvals made by the Managing Director are reported and reviewed at every Board Meeting. * Company Financial Performance: the Managing Director reports to the Board at each Board Meeting on the financial results of the Company. * Compliance: The Managing Director is responsible for ensuring compliance with all relevant legislation. In brief, the Board has delegated to the Managing Director all powers required to manage the business of the Company and the Managing Director reports on a monthly basis on all material matters affecting the Nufarm Group to the Board. Besides, The Board has three committees: the Audit Committee, the Nomination Committee and the Remuneration Committee. These Board Committees review and analyse policies and strategies within their specific terms of reference. The Board Committees examine proposals and, where appropriate, make recommendations to the Board. The Board Committees do not take direct action or make decisions on behalf of the Board unless specifically mandated by prior Board authority (Nufarm’s website). The Nomination Committee consists of three non-executive Directors and is comprised of a majority of independent Directors. The Committee’s purpose is to develop criteria for Board membership and identify specific individuals for nomination; and establish processes for the review of the performance of individual Directors and the Board as a whole. The duties of this committee is facilitating a Board performance assessment, develop criteria for Board membership, identify suitably skilled, qualified and experienced individuals for nomination and to establish processes for the review of the performance of Directors. According to Tricker (2012, p.283), ‘the essential and original role of the audit committee is to act as a bridge between the independent external auditors and the board, avoiding the possibility of powerful executive directors’ and over the years the role and responsibilities of the committee have expanded. Nufarm company’s Audit Committee’s primary function is to assist the Board in fulfilling its corporate governance responsibilities in regard to financial reporting, audit and risk management, including: oversight of the preparation of Nufarm Limited’s (the Group) financial reporting; compliance with legal and regulatory obligations; oversight of the effectiveness of the Group’s enterprise-wide risk management and internal control framework; and oversight of the relationship with the external and internal auditors. The specific duties and responsibilities of the company’s audit committee in meeting will be: report Committee actions to the Board with such recommendations as the Committee may deem appropriate (e.g. The Committee will report to the Board immediately if it becomes aware of any material misstatement in financial information provided by management to the Board or of any material breakdown in internal controls), continuously monitor a framework and processes for compliance with laws, regulations, standards, best practice guidelines and the Group’s code of conduct, maintain suitable interaction with the Health Safety Environment Committee and the Nomination Governance Committee, perform such other functions assigned by law, the Companys Constitution, or the Board. The Remuneration Committee’s purpose is to recommend to the Board policies and practices which enable Nufarm to attract, develop, retain and motivate high caliber Directors and executives. The Committee will review and make recommendations on policies for remuneration, development, retention and termination of Directors and Key Management Personnel (KMP). The Committee’s duties are to review and make recommendations to the Board in relation to Nufarm’s Board and executive remuneration strategy, structure and practice with regard to: Nufarm strategic objectives; corporate governance principles; and competitive practice. The specific matters the Committee may consider include the review of: executive management and Directors’  remuneration, including the link between Company and individual performance; current industry best practice; the outcome of the annual vote on the adoption of the Remuneration Report; different methods for remunerating senior management and Directors including superannuation arrangements; 2/4 existing or proposed incentive schemes; retirement and termination benefits and payments for senior management; professional indemnity and liability insurance policies. The Committee is responsible for seeking and approving remuneration advisers that will provide independent remuneration advice, as appropriate, on Board, CEO and other KMP remuneration strategy, structure practice and disclosure. However, according to the company website (2012), the Committee does not have executive powers to commit the Board or management to its recommendations except where authorised by a resolution of the Board nor become involved in day to day management activities or decision making. The Scope of the company’s Corporate Governance influences the company’s codes: According to Tricker (2012), the structure, the membership and the process of the governing body are central to corporate governance. However, the relations with shareholders, contractual stakeholders, legal institutions, etc also influence the structure and operation of Nufarm’s corporate governance. Therefore, the company’s corporate governance refers to the private and public institutions, including laws, regulations and public institutions, which together govern the relationship between corporate managers and entrepreneurs, on the one hand, and those who invest resources in corporations on the other (Tricker, 2012). For example, the company’s code of conduct is governed by and contrasted in accordance with the laws in the State of Victoria, Australia. Besides, Nufarm has ensured to be compliance with the ASX Listing Rules, and ensured that Key Management Personnel and their associates are aware of the legal restrictions in dealing in Nufarm’s shares, options or other securities while such a person is in possession of unpublished price sensitive information concerning Nufarm. V. Recommendations There are some recommendations in order for Nufarm to make appropriate  improvements for its corporate governance are: Firstly, Nufarm should conduct its business in a manner which recognises and adheres to all relevant laws and regulations and meets high standards with respect to honesty and integrity. In order to meet this commitment, we require all Nufarm directors, employees, contractors and consultants to be familiar with and uphold the company’s code of conduct in all business dealings. Besides, according to Tricker (2012), the Board, which determines whether the company’s governance is good, is the major driving force in a company. However, there are other drivers of good governance in the company such as shareholders. Therefore, the company should have open and effective communications with its shareholders and the general investment community. For example, with shareholders, the company should adopt a shareholder communications policy in order to: * Ensure that shareholders and the financial markets are provided with full and timely information about its activities; * Comply with continuous disclosure obligations contained in applicable Listing Rules and the Corporations Act in Australia as well as industry guidelines such as the Australasian Investor Relations Associations’, Best Practice Guidelines for Communication between Listed Entities and the Investment Community; and Ensure equality of access to briefings, presentations and meetings for shareholders, analysts and media. * Encourage attendance and voting at shareholder meetings; The company’s Remuneration Committee should review induction and development arrangements for the Board to ensure Board members gain and maintain a suitable level of knowledge about Nufarm. Audit Committee should usually review and make recommendations to the Board on the Nufarm Diversity Policy ensuring the Policy is in line with applicable legislation and governance principles. Self-assess whether the Committees comply with its membership requirements at least once every year. Critically review the Remuneration Committee Charter at least once per year to ensure its relevance and compliance with overall governance legislative requirements and best practice. VI. References Monks, B., Nell, M. 2007, Corporate Governance, 4th edn, Chichester, UK:Wiley. Tricker, B. 2009, Corporate Governance: Principles, Policies, and Practices, Oxford University Press. Nufarm website 2012, http://www.nufarm.com/Home, viewed 15 July, 2012. ASX website 2012, Nufarm Limited (NUF), http://www.asx.com.au/asx/research/companyInfo.do?by=asxCodeasxCode=NUF, viewed 15 July, 2012.

Prejudice Against Native Americans Essay -- essays research papers

Prejudice Against Native Americans These people began migrating thirty thousand years before Christopher Colombus "discovered" the Americas. Native Americans migrated from Asia, crossing a land bridge where the Bering Strait off the coast of Alaska is today. Over the centuries these people spread throughout the continents of North and South America. Since the arrival of the Europeans in 1492 the American Indian has been dehumanized, decivilized and redefined into terms that represent a dominate European view. The Spanish explorers under Colombus were the first to use the terms "Indian" to mean a Native American. These explorers were under the false impression that the had reached the West Indies. This term is still used today. From the first interaction with the native peoples the Europeans inatiated dominance and superiority. There are three distinctive reasons that the Europeans were able to dominate and later oppress the Native American culture such as; the Native American relgious beleifs and practices, the lack of interaction between Native Americans ans Europeans and the lack of orginization of the Indian tribes. All of these aspects had a strong influence the Europeans to become dominate figures on the Native American land. These factors can still be attributed for the way that Native Americans are viewed in society today. After the Revolutionary War the new United States government sought to gain land through treaties. Th...

Gary Soto Guilt Essay Essay

Guilt is the price we pay willingly for doing what we are going to do anyway -Isabelle Holland. Guilt is something we create for ourselves. In the passage, Gary Soto emphasizes how guilty, paranoid, and shameful he felt in his inner conscience after stealing an apple pie. He expresses his guilt, shame, and paranoia by describing his outer self, his inner self, and the people around him. How Soto describes his inner self emphasizes on how fearful he is. The great sense of paranoia that overcame him caused him to believe that the people around him knew about his sinful deed of stealing the pie. A car honked and the driver knew. Mrs. Hancock stood on her lawn, hands on hip, and she knew. My mom, peeling a mountain of potatoes at the Red-Spud factory, knew. Soto also says that the pie tin glared at him and rolled away when the wind picked up. This impossible image exposes the fear in Sotos mind that even the pie tin is aware of his corrupt actions. Religion also causes Gary Soto to feel shameful and disgraceful. His references to God and being thirsty reveal his fear. Soto playing with his frisbee, states I flung it again until I was bored and tired† and â€Å"I returned home to drink water†, Soto attempts to get away from the anguish of his guilt by playing around and distracting himself. He also refers to Adam and Eve and their thirst after taking the forbidden fruit. Soto refers to himself and young and innocent, holy in every bone. However, he still steals the pie, and is paranoid of punishment from God for the rest of the day. How Soto describes his outer-self emphasizes on how ashamed and disgusted he was about himself stealing the pie. He refers to the sweat under his arms as the juice of guilt. As if sweat isnt gross enough, when described as juice, from guilt, its quite repulsive. Gary Soto obviously felt disgusted with himself, and nervous, after committing this crime. When Cross-Eyed Johnny whispers to him, Your hands are dirty, Soto takes it literally in a way, his hands sticky and dripping. Soto, feeling gluttonous and dirty, and took Cross-Eyed Johnnys comment as an insult, saying he felt bad, and even more guilty. By emphasizing the effects of paranoia, religion, and feelings of shame, Gary Soto is able to revive and recreate his traumatic childhood experience. His paranoia caused his intense insecurity and anxiety about everyone and everything around him, whereas the ideas of religion emphasized morally in ethical values of the sin he has committed. The shame Gary Soto felt led to regret in the bad deed he has committed and awakened his moral conscience that he has done something wrong and enjoyed it. Because of these three major factors, Gary Soto has clearly revived his experience of his first theft as a young innocent child.

Interactive Session

Interactive Session 1 INTERACTIVE SESSION: TECHNOLOGY UPS COMPETES GLOBALLY WITH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY United Parcel Service (UPS), is the world's largest air and ground package-distribution company. It started out in 1907 in a closet-sized basement office. Jim Casey and Claude Ryan—two teenagers from Seattle with two bicycles and one phone—promised the â€Å"best service and lowest rates. † UPS has used this formula successfully for more than 90 years. Today UPS delivers more than 14. 1 million parcels and documents each day in the United States and more than 200 other countries and territories.The firm has been able to maintain leadership in small-package delivery services despite stiff competition from FedEx and Airborne Express by investing heavily in advanced information technology. During the past decade, UPS has poured billions of dollars into technology and systems to boost customer service while keeping costs low and streamlining its overall operations. Using a handheld computer called a Delivery Information Acquisition Device (DIAD), a UPS driver can automatically capture customers' signatures along with pickup, delivery, and timecard information.The driver then places the DIAD into the UPS truck's vehicle adapter, an information-transmitting device that is connected to the cellular telephone network. Package tracking information is then transmitted to UPS's computer network for storage and processing by UPS's main computers in Mahwah, New Jersey, and Alpharetta, Georgia. From there, the information can be accessed worldwide to provide proof of delivery to customers or to respond to customer queries. Through its automated package tracking system, UPS can monitor packages throughout the delivery process.At various points along the route from sender to receiver, bar code devices scan shipping information on the package label; the information is then fed into the central computer. Customer service representatives can check the statu s of any package from desktop computers linked to the central computers and are able to respond immediately to inquiries from customers. UPS customers can also access this information from the company's Web site using their own computers or wireless devices, such as pagers and cell phones. Anyone with a package to hip can access the UPS Web site to track packages, check delivery routes, calculate shipping rates, determine time in transit, and schedule a pickup. Businesses can use the Web site to arrange UPS shipments and bill the shipments to the company's UPS account number or to a credit card. The data collected at the UPS Web site are transmitted to the UPS central computer and then back to the customer after processing. UPS also provides tools that enable customers, such Cisco Systems, to embed UPS functions, such as tracking and cost calculations, into their own Web sites so that they can track shipments without visiting the UPS site.Information technology has helped UPS reinve nt itself and keep growing. UPS implemented a suite of custom-built software that uses operations research and mapping technology to optimize the way packages are loaded and delivered. Because UPS delivers 14 million small packages each day, the resulting information is cutting the distance that delivery trucks travel by more than 100 million miles each year. UPS is now leveraging its decades of expertise managing its own global delivery network to manage logistics and supply-chain management for other companies.It created a UPS Supply Chain Solutions division that provides a complete bundle of standardized services to 1 subscribing companies at a fraction of what it would cost to build their own systems and infrastructure. These services include supply-chain design and management, freight forwarding, customs brokerage, mail services, multimodal transportation, and financial services, in addition to logistics services. Adidas America, based in Portland, Oregon, is one of many compan ies benefiting from these services. Every three months the company introduces as many as 10,000 new apparel items and 4,000 new footwear items.It must handle orders for many thousands of retailers for these orders, and many of these orders are priority requests that must be fulfilled within one or two days. UPS Supply Chain Solutions Consolidated what was previously handled by multiple third-party logistics providers into a single streamlined network outfitted with automated inventory and order fulfillment systems. By having UPS coordinate and manage distribution, Adidas America increased its order accuracy rate, boosted on-time deliveries, and improved customer service,Sources: â€Å"Adidas Goes for the Gold in Customer Service,† www. ups. com, accessed June 14, 2006; United Parcel Service, Round UPS, Winter 2006; and Dave Barnes, â€Å"Delivering Corporate Citizenship,† Optimize, September 2005. CASE STUDY QUESTIONS 1. 2. 3. What are the inputs, processing, and outpu ts of UPS’s package tracking system? What technologies are used by UPS? How are these technologies related to UPS's business strategy? What problems do UPS's information systems solve. What would happen if these systems were not available? 2

Inspector Goole Essays

Inspector Goole Essays Inspector Goole Essay Inspector Goole Essay The Inspectors name is Inspector Goole. This is very appropriate as the name Goole is very much like the word ghoul meaning something supernatural. Indeed the Inspector is a supernatural being, he came from no where and there wasnt any Inspector Goole or anybody like him on the fore, a fake. But a fake who is highly relevant in order for Priestley to even begin getting across his aim. Without Goole none of these characters would understand the roles they play in Evas death, they would not even question their involvement. He is a warning not only to the Birlings but also to society, the audience will absorb the message and if Priestley made an impact on them, they will always think about others in the future and not just themselves. The way he uses Sheila steers the audience in the right direction to the right conclusion. Goole makes dramatic and controversial comments with graphic observations, the girl killed herself and died a horrible death. But each of you helped to kill her. Two hours ago a young woman died Burnt her inside, of course. Such detail emphasises his point and sets a mood of curiosity and mystery, just like the Inspectors character. In conclusion Priestley has certainly made me think about my actions, therefore he has achieved his aim successfully. The point he has made is that we are all equal and all deserve the same respect we give our peers and loved ones. Eva Smith is largely symbolic, she didnt have much in her life, she was underpaid, undermined and was treated with little respect which lead her to her death. This was all due to abuse of power, wealth and status. I dont think any one person is to blame, it is more the fault of society, the Birlings were only worried about maintaining their reputation after the incident. Priestley created suspense, disgust and sympathetic moments in the play which brought upon guilt. If men will not learn they will be taught in fire and blood and anguish. Remember that.

A Discussion of the Romantic Element in Austen’s Persuasion

A Discussion of the Romantic Element in Austen’s Persuasion [A] persuadable temper might sometimes be as much in favour of happiness as a very resolute character. (Persuasion, Ch. 12) Persuasion seems to draw on the deep divide in the two then contemporary forms of the novel one based on Augustan values, in which the rational precedes the irrational, and the second based on Romanticist taste, in which the inner world of imaginings precedes the outer world of evidence. While Austens earlier novels had consistently affirmed an Augustan taste, in Persuasion she seems to concede some validity to the Romantic view, and at least leaves the reader to ponder an ambivalent response to the question of whether Anne Elliot acted correctly in succumbing to Lady Russells persuasion, when her initial, instinctive desire for a relationship with Captain Wentworth remained ultimately unchanged. Broadly, the issue becomes whether Anne was correct in letting herself be led by seemingly well-intentioned caution, or whether she would have been better advised to take a risk and follow the dictates of her heart. And though Austen makes an attempt to chart out a middle course between these two options, this debate is nowhere more manifest than in the closing chapters, where Austen registers a final judgement on the question of romance versus prudence, leaving its readers somewhat puzzled. Anne says, as she had earlier in Chapter IV, that she was right in being guided by a quasi-maternal friend, even though the advice was wrong, and that in a similar situation she may never have given it (Chapter XXIII): But I mean, that I was right in submitting to her, and that if I had done otherwise, I should have suffered more in continuing the engagement than I did even in giving it up, because I should have suffered in my conscience. This, and the whole context of earnest assertion, come from a person of the finest moral sensitivity and integrity, yet it seems to be directly opposed to what had also been an earlier conviction, that while defending Lady Russell and herself, she should yet have been a hap pier woman in maintaining the engagement, than she had been in the sacrifice of it. The final capitulation to natural instinct is, however, an image of Anne that is distinctly different from the one presented at the start of the novel. (It will also prove significant later in her rejection of William Elliot.) Indeed, Anne had even been willing to reject Lady Russells advice two years after she had taken it: in Chapter XXIII, Wentworth asks whether when he returned to England in 1808 with a few thousand pounds, she would have renewed the estrangement then. He says of her response, Would I! was all her answer; but the accent was decisive enough. He regrets the hurt pride which had kept him from such a move, and takes the blame on himself. This benevolent gesture on Wentworths part, however, overlooks the fact that, ultimately, it is only when Anne takes recourse to the natural propensity of her heart to lead her to true love that she manages to salvage her relationship with him. The error in Lady Russells judgment of character (which in turn led her to counsel Anne imperfectly) is made explicit in Chapter XXIV, when the narrator says, There is a quickness of perception in some, a nicety in the discernment of character, a natural penetration, in short, which no experience in others can equal, and Lady Russell had been less gifted in this part of understanding than her young friend. It is this same quickness of perception that leads Anne to reject William Elliot, even before Mrs. Smith reveals the full truth about him: Mr. Elliot was rational, discreet, polished, but he was not open. There was never any burst of feeling, any warmth of indignation or delight, at the evil or good of others. This, to Anne, was a decided imperfection. She prized the frank, the open-hearted, the eager character beyond all others. Warmth and enthusiasm did captivate her still. She felt that she could so much more depend upon the sincerity of those who sometimes looked or said a careless or a hasty thing, than of those whose presence of mind never varied, whose tongue never slipped. Evidently, Anne comes to realize the value of listening to human impulse (She had been forced into prudence in her youth, she learned romance as she grew older the natural sequel of an unnatural beginning). It is this gradual realization that causes her to repeatedly recall feelings for Wentworth. This is the most obvious evidence of her ability to lend herself to the Romanticist exaltation of emotion over reason and of the senses over the intellect. Significantly, Annes most intense exertions are also to understand and live with her feelings, which are frequently held in check by ruling manners. Often, when Anne argues against what she is feeling, the particular reason turns out to be wrong. When Anne begins to reason with herself or when she hopes to be wise and reasonable in time, reason means not being in love with Wentworth. But this is arguably not a novel in which feelings are wrong and reasoning is right. Annes reasoning is a process of giving herself time. In a sense, throu gh these exertions, Anne aims to be able to feel. She desires to transform her senseless joy, not into sense, but into sensible joy. This gradual alteration in Annes character and in the treatment of her own feelings toward Wentworth implies a certain Romanticist bipolarity that each represented initially (and which, to an extent, Anne continues to maintain perhaps even flaccidly in the d? ©nouement: I have now, as far as such a sentiment is allowable in human nature, nothing to reproach myself with). While Anne relies to a great extent on the advice given to her persuadable temper and believes her adherence to it to be her duty, Wentworth is shown to be a man of a very resolute character with complete faith in himself and in his powers to realize his own destiny. Having made his money as promised in two years, but only after having been turned down by Anne for marriage, Wentworth begrudged the fact that Anne did not demonstrate the same degree of confidence in him, or the courage to defy her elders, know her own mind or trust her own will. She had shown a feebleness of character in doing so, which his own decid ed confident temper could not endure. When he returns to the neighbourhood and Anne has to listen to snatches of his conversation with Louisa on their walk to Winthrop, she hears him reiterate his faith in the self. Louisa states that she would rather be overturned by the man she loves than be driven in the carriage by anyone else, and Wentworth exclaims with enthusiasm, I honour you! Later, when Anne overhears their conversation within the hedge, she hears him use words from a conspicuously Romanticist lexicon as he praises resolution, decision, firmness, spirit, and powers of mind. As Marilyn Butler notes, Wentworths personal philosophy approaches revolutionary optimism and individualism and he is impatient of, or barely recognizes, those claims of a mentor which for him can be dismissed in the single word persuasion.' Inevitably, Wentworth compares his reckless faith that love overcomes all with Annes cautious retreat into security eight years previously. Lady Russell draws a general moral from Sir Walters embarrassing case of financial difficulties; his entrenchment will conform to what many families have done, or should do: There will be nothing singular in his case; and it is singularity which often makes the worst part of our suffering, as it always does of our conduct. This distaste for singularity and uniqueness of circumstances is very much in keeping with the Augustan taste, which would have prevailed during Lady Russells formative years. The Romantic taste of Austens period, on the other hand, sought out the singular, the abnormal, and the strange (The principle object was to chuse incidents and situations from common life, and to throw over them a certain colouring of imagination, whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual way. Wordsworth, Preface to Lyrical Ballads, 1800). Anne shares Lady Russells inclination to project a general case from a particular instance, such as in Chapter X, where she attempts a detached analysis of the burgeoning relationship between Wentworth and the Musgrove sisters. (Anne longed for the power of representing to them what they were all about, and of pointing out some of the evils that they were exposing themselves to.) It seems that after the trauma of her broken engagement, she has devoted herself to reach a rational understanding of the rules which might govern love affairs, and is set up as something of an authority on matters of the heart, despite her limited experience. But if Anne possesses some of Lady Russells Augustan sagacity, she is also a reader of Lord Byron, and at crucial moments in the novel (such as her cancellation of an appointment with Mrs. Smith) subordinates social obligations to the dictates of her passion for Wentworth. (This also keeps her from appearing like an idealised Richardsonian paragon.) If Austen poses an argument between rational decorum and a heightened examination of human personality, the novel culminates in a tone more in favour of Romanticism than Augustan ideals. During her walk in the countryside in Chapter X, in the discomforting presence of Wentworth, Annes pleasure must arise from the last smiles upon the years upon the tawny leaves and withered hedges. In Chapter XIII Anne likens herself to the surroundings once more when musing on the prospects of the Great House at Uppercross following Louisas full recovery: A few months hence, and the room now so deserted, occupied but by her silent, pensive self, might be filled again with all that was happy and gay, all that was glowing and bright in prosperous love, all that was most unlike Anne Elliot! It is rare to see any character in this novel in physical isolation, but here Anne assumes the familiar role of the solitary figure in Romantic literature a guise that is further accentuated by the use of the pathe tic fallacy. Ultimately, it isnt so much having a persuadable temper as it is adopting a very resolute character and in turn realizing that Lady Russell must learn to feel that she had been mistaken that helps Anne to break loose from an outworn, half-spurious social pattern. By leaving convention she achieves freedom and fulfillment (it is, after all, Lord Byron and Sir Walter Scott, not Samuel Johnson and Alexander Pope, who form the basis for Annes literary discussions with Captain Benwick) in a different world that she and Wentworth help to create.